On This Page:ToggleKey FeaturesExamplesAdvantagesDisadvantagesSystem 2 Thinking On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Controlled processing is a conscious, intentional, and effortful method of information processing used when dealing with novel or complex situations or learning new skills (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977). controlled processing This type of processing requires full attention and cognitive resources, often making it slower and more mentally taxing. It is typically used when facing unfamiliar or complex situations that require careful consideration and logical reasoning to act most reasonably....

On This Page:ToggleWho is H.M.?Surgical ProcedureH.M’s AmnesiaH.M’s Legacy On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Henry Gustav Molaison, known as Patient H.M., is a landmark case study in psychology.After a surgery to alleviate severe epilepsy, which removed large portions of hishippocampus, he was left with anterogradeamnesia, unable to form newexplicit memories, thus offering crucial insights into the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.Key PointsHenry Gustav Molaison (often referred to as H....

On This Page:ToggleDefinitionsChallenges Of PTSDHow It WorksIs It A Cure?Getting StartedFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: SummaryCognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is a specific type ofcognitive behavioral therapythat helps patients deal with traumatic events and reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).It focuses on altering maladaptive beliefs and thought patterns related to the trauma.In CPT, patients are taught to overcome negative thought patterns which contribute to their symptoms of PTSD and to replace them with more adaptive, realistic ways of thinking....

On This Page:ToggleAnchoring Bias HeuristicWhy it HappensExamplesInfluencing FactorsHow To Avoid On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Take-home Messages The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic is a mental shortcut used in decision-making where an initial, or “anchor” point is set, and adjustments are made until an acceptable value is reached. The anchor, once set, has a strong influence, often leading to bias because adjustments are typically insufficient shifts from the initial anchor, resulting in estimations skewed towards the anchor....

On This Page:ToggleThe Fear of DeathTerror Management DefensesResearch AreasExamplesConsequencesFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Take-home Messages Terror management theory suggests that individuals adopt beliefs to cope with the fear of death by seeking to attain a sense of symbolic immortality, conforming to cultural values, and constructing meaning and purpose in their lives. The Fear of Death Terror Management Defenses In other words, terror management theory is the idea that we create culture and aspects of our lives that will “outlive” us because of our knowledge of our own mortality which is innately terrifying to us....

On This Page:ToggleCausesImplicationsIs the Flynn Effect Valid?Is the Flynn Effect Reversing?FAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: In his groundbreaking paper, Flynn found evidence “that representative samples of Americans did better and better on IQ tests over 46 years, the total gain amounting to a rise in mean IQ of 13.8 points” (Flynn, 1984). With the assumption that IQ tests accurately representintelligence, this result indicates an increase in human intelligence over time....

On This Page:ToggleIntroduction to SleepREM and Non-REM SleepSleep StagesThe Sleep CycleOther AnimalsWhen Should I Set My Alarm?William Dement The Father of SleepFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What Are The Stages Of Sleep & What Does Each Stage Do? Clock against a dark background with moon and stars, suggesting peaceful slumber and serene dreams. During wakefulness, certainneurons fire in our brains, making us aroused and alert. However, during sleep, these neural circuits are inhibited, our muscles are completely relaxed, and our body becomes completely inactive (Schwartz & Roth, 2008)....

On This Page:ToggleTypes of DreamsDefinitionTechniquesHistorical TimelineEmpirical ResearchBenefitsRisksConclusion On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Lucid dreaming refers to the experience of being aware that you’re dreaming while you’re asleep. It’s a state of consciousness that combines aspects of both wakefulness and REM sleep, the stage of sleep in which most vivid dreaming occurs. It is often associated with greater dream recall and the ability to control or manipulate the dream narrative....

On This Page:ToggleWho Is Kitty Genovese?The Murder of Kitty GenoveseThe Aftermath On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Who Is Kitty Genovese? Catherine Susan “Kitty” Genovese was born on July 7th, 1935, in Brooklyn, New York, to Italian-American parents. The oldest of five, Genovese and her siblings were raised in a four-family row house in Park Slope, a neighborhood known for housing Italian and Irish families. As a teenager, Genovese attended Prospect Heights High School, an all-girls school, where she thrived in her English and music classes and was elected “Class Cut-Up” among her graduating class of 712 students....

On This Page:ToggleBiographyPragmatismFunctionalism (vs. Structuralism)James-Lange Theory of EmotionTheory of SelfWorks PublishedFive Fun Facts On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key TakeawaysWilliam James (1842 – 1910) was a leading figure in psychology and philosophy at the turn of the 19th century, whose contributions laid the groundwork for many modern philosophers and behavioral psychologists.James’ two main schools of thought, pragmatism, and functionalism, shape his theories on the world and his mission to seek out behaviors’ practical value and function....

On This Page:ToggleSystem 1 & 2 ThinkingImplicit Bias vs. Explicit BiasExamplesCausesImplicit Attitude Test (IAT)How to Reduce Implicit BiasFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Implicit bias refers to the beliefs and attitudes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious way. Take-home Messages So, what is implicit bias? Specifically, implicit bias refers to attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious way, making them difficult to control....

On This Page:ToggleTypesExamplesImplicationsControl On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Demand characteristics refer to clues or signals in an experimental setting that hint to participants about the experimenter’s expectations, leading them to behave in a certain way to match these expectations, potentially biasing the results. Unfortunately, research participants often act and speak in ways inconsistent with how they would otherwise normally behave in the real world. This is a result of demand characteristics (Orne, 1959)....

On This Page:ToggleWhat are the characteristics of someone with low self-control?What are the elements of self control theory?How does self-control theory explain crime?Self-control theory strengths and weaknesses On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What is Gottfredson and Hirschi Self-Control Theory? Self-control theory of crime proposes that individuals with low self-control are more prone to commit crimes, as they are less capable of restraining themselves from impulses and immediate gratifications, despite potential negative consequences....

On This Page:ToggleDesign SimilaritiesDesign DifferencesFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: In a within-subject design, each participant experiences all experimental conditions, whereas, in a between-subject design, different participants are assigned to each condition, with each experiencing only one condition. experimental design Within-subjects(or repeated-measures) is an experimental design in which all study participants are exposed to the same treatments or independent variable conditions. In within-subjects studies, the participants are compared to one another, so there is no control group....

Box plots show the five-number summary of a set of data: including the minimum score, first (lower) quartile, median, third (upper) quartile, and maximum score. box whisker plot Definitions Minimum Score The lowest score, excluding outliers (shown at the end of the left whisker). Lower Quartile Twenty-five percent of scores fall below the lower quartile value (also known as the first quartile). Median Upper Quartile Seventy-five percent of the scores fall below the upper quartile value (also known as the third quartile)....