On This Page:ToggleDefinitionHerzberg’s ApproachMotivation FactorsHerzberg’s Hygiene FactorsExamplesCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways What Is Two-Factor Theory? The two-factor motivation theory, otherwise known as Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory or dual-factor theory, argues that there are separate sets of mutually exclusive factors in the workplace that either cause job satisfaction or dissatisfaction (Herzberg, 1966; 1982; 1991; Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1959). Generally, these factors encourage job satisfaction and relate to self-growth and self-actualization....

Trigger warning:This article discusses sexual trauma, which may be disturbing or distressing to some people.TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) estimates that 1 in 3 women have experienced physical or sexual violence in their life. Sexual trauma can be devastating for your psychological well-being and leave negative lasting effects. It can destroy your faith in others and make trust excruciatingly difficult. Healing from the trauma of sexual violence is a profoundly personal experience. Recovery takes time, patience, and access to the right resources — it’s an emotionally taxing journey....

On This Page:ToggleWhat is Reductionism?ExamplesStrengthsLimitations On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Reductionists say that the best way to understand why we behave as we do is to look closely at the very simplest parts that make up our systems and use the simplest explanations to understand how they work. Neurotransmitters are reductionist in that they simplify complex behaviors and mental processes to chemical messengers in the brain. By attributing psychological experiences solely to neurotransmitter activity, one might overlook the multifaceted interplay of biological, cognitive, and environmental factors that contribute to human behavior and cognition....

Motor neurons are specializednerve cellsthat transmit signals from thecentral nervous system(brain and spinal cord)to muscles and glands throughout the body. These cells belong to a larger category calledefferent neurons, which carry information away from the central nervous system to target tissues. Motor neurons can be classified into two main types:upper motor neurons, which connect the brain to the spinal cord, andlower motor neurons, which extend from the spinal cord to the body’s muscles....

On This Page:ToggleHow They WorkClassificationTypesAssociated DisordersEffects of Drugs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: In psychology, neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain and nervous system. They influence various psychological functions, including mood, emotion, stress response, and cognition. Common neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are often implicated in mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Their release, binding, and reuptake are essential for neural signaling and brain activity....

On This Page:ToggleStudy ProcedureRealistic Conflict TheoryCritical EvaluationKey Takeaways On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The hypotheses tested were: Study Procedure Phase 1: In-group Formation (5-6 Days) Phase 2: Group Conflict (4-5 Days) During the subsequent two-day cooling-off period, the boys listed features of the two groups. The boys tended to characterize their own in-group in very favorable terms, and the other out-group in very unfavorable terms. Keep in mind that the participants in this study were well-adjusted boys, not street gang members....

On This Page:ToggleFeatures of ScienceThe Scientific ProcessPsychological ApproachesAlternativesCommon Sense Views of BehaviorLimitations of Scientific Psychology On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Psychology is a science because it employs systematic methods of observation, experimentation, and data analysis to understand and predict behavior and mental processes, grounded in empirical evidence and subjected to peer review. In psychology, empiricism refers to the belief that knowledge is derived from observable, measurable experiences and evidence, rather than from intuition or speculation....

Research methods in psychology are systematic procedures used to observe, describe, predict, and explain behavior and mental processes. They include experiments, surveys, case studies, and naturalistic observations, ensuring data collection is objective and reliable to understand and explain psychological phenomena. Hypotheses There arefour types of hypotheses: All research has an alternative hypothesis (either a one-tailed or two-tailed) and a corresponding null hypothesis. Once the research is conducted and results are found, psychologists must accept one hypothesis and reject the other....

On This Page:TogglePurpose of Sampling DistributionsHow to Find Sampling DistributionThe Central Limit Theorem On This Page:Toggle On This Page: In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution of a statistic (such as the mean) derived from all possible samples of a given size from a population. The sampling distribution of a given population is the distribution of frequencies of a range of different outcomes that could possibly occur for a statistic of a population....

On This Page:ToggleThe Purpose of SamplingRandom SamplingStratified SamplingOpportunity SamplingSystematic SamplingSample size On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Sampling methods in psychology refer to strategies used to select a subset of individuals (a sample) from a larger population, to study and draw inferences about the entire population. Common methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and convenience sampling. Proper sampling ensures representative, generalizable, and valid research results. Key TermsSampling: the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study....

On This Page:ToggleOverviewKey PrinciplesFirst GenerationSecond GenerationThird GenerationExamples On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Points Overview This means that consciousness and activity are not independent of each other but interdependent. Activities have intention, and consciousness is the carrying out of activities situated in a social context (McAvinia, 2016). In the words of Nardi (1996), “You are what you do.” artifacts are the tools that people use to accomplish tasks, and they can improve culturally specific ones such as language....

On This Page:ToggleWhat is an Experiment?TypesKey TerminologyThe experimental method involves the manipulation ofvariablesto establish cause-and-effect relationships. The key features are controlled methods and the random allocation of participants intocontrolled and experimental groups.What is an Experiment?An experiment is an investigation in which ahypothesisis scientifically tested. An independent variable (the cause) is manipulated in an experiment, and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled.An advantage is that experiments should be objective....

On This Page:ToggleComponents of a Good EssayKnowledge and UnderstandingCritical EvaluationThe PEC SystemUsing Research Studies in your EssaysWriting an IntroductionWriting a ConclusionThe Importance of FlowReferencing On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer....

On This Page:ToggleDurkheim AnomieMerton’s Strain Theory of Anomie and DevianceAnomie Theory CriminologyAnomie ExamplesKey TakeawaysFurther Reading On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The concept of anomie, in sociology, can be defined as a state of normlessness, disorder, or confusion in a society when the standard norms and values are weak or unclear. This lack of social or ethical standards can lead to disconnection, deviance, and social instability among individuals. Robert K. Merton expanded the theory to explain why some people engage in deviant behavior, like crime, suggesting it often arises from a disjunction between societal goals and the legitimate means to achieve them....

On This Page:ToggleDefinitionArousal TheoriesExamples On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The arousal theory of motivation states that people are motivated to seek out activities or situations that maintain or increase their level of arousal. Arousal can be thought of as a continuum, with low levels of arousal being associated with boredom and high levels of arousal being associated with anxiety. The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions that maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal....