On This Page:ToggleIndependent VariableDependent VariableExamples in Research StudiesOperationalizing Variables On This Page:Toggle On This Page: In research, a variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted inexperimental investigations. One is called the dependent variable, and the other is the independent variable.In research, the independent variable is manipulated to observe its effect, while the dependent variable is the measured outcome. Essentially, the independent variable is the presumed cause, and the dependent variable is the observed effect....

On This Page:ToggleFunctionsEQ vs. IQWhich Is More Important?In The WorkplaceAre They Related?FAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Human intelligence is extraordinarily complex. It represents a multifaceted construct that involves both our ability to reason and our ability to understand emotions (Gardner, 2008). IQ, or intellectual quotient, is our ability to think logically, comprehend and assimilate new information, and problem-solve. Individuals with high IQs can easily make connections between abstract concepts to aid generalizations, and they can apply knowledge to a range of skill sets....

On This Page:ToggleExamplesComponentsImplications On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Social facilitation is an improvement in the performance of a task in the presence of others (audience, competitor, co-actor) compared to their performance when alone.Typically, this results in improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and decreased performance on complex or unfamiliar tasks.Take-home Messages Social facilitation is an improvement in the performance of a task in the presence of others (audience, competitor, co-actor) compared to their performance when alone....

On This Page:ToggleStagesExamplesImplicationsApplicationsStagesExamplesImplicationsApplicationsCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The theory seeks to explain the cognitive processes and social conditions underlying intergroup behaviors, especially those related to prejudice, bias, and discrimination. Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g., social class, family, football team, etc.) people belonged to were important sources of pride and self-esteem....

On This Page:TogglePrinciplesHistoryScopeExample TheoriesStrengthsLimitations On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Baron, Byrne, and Suls (1989) define social psychology as“the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior in social situations” (p. 6). Topics examined in social psychology include theself-concept, social cognition,attribution theory, social influence, group processes,prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression,attitudes, andstereotypes. Principles Social psychology operates on several foundational assumptions. These fundamental beliefs provide a framework for theories, research, and interpretations....

On This Page:ToggleType I errorType II errorFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: A statistically significant result cannot prove that a research hypothesis is correct (which implies 100% certainty). Because ap-valueis based on probabilities, there is always a chance of making an incorrect conclusion regarding accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis (H0). Anytime we make a decision using statistics, there are four possible outcomes, with two representing correct decisions and two representing errors....

Secondary sources refer to situations where you use information from a source that you have not read, but you’ve found in another source.If you cannot find the original primary source, you should cite it through the secondary source that led you to it. This is called citing an indirect or secondary source. Therefore, secondary sources describe information originally presented from a primary source.How to cite a source within a source using APA 7:...

On This Page:ToggleCapacity Magic Number 7DurationEncodingWorking memory On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Short-term memory is a component of memory that holds a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period, typically a few seconds to a minute.The duration of STM seems to be between 15 and 30 seconds, and STM’s capacity is limited, often thought to be about 7±2 items. It’s often likened to the brain’s “working space,” enabling tasks like reasoning and language comprehension....

On This Page:ToggleSocial RolesSocial NormsConclusion On This Page:Toggle On This Page: There are many ways that people can influence our behavior, but perhaps one of the most important is that the presence of others seems to set up expectations We do not expect people to behave randomly but in certain ways in particular situations. Each social situation entails a particular set of expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Such expectations can vary from group to group....

On This Page:ToggleWhat Is The Stroop Effect?The First Stroop ExperimentHow It WorksAdditional ResearchOther Uses and VersionsCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Take-home Messages The Stroop test measures the interference between reading and naming the ink color of words, highlighting the conflict between automatic and controlled cognitive processes. What Is The Stroop Effect? The Stroop effect refers to a delay in reaction times between congruent and incongruent stimuli (MacLeod, 1991)....

On This Page:ToggleExamples of DiscriminationPsychology TheoriesFrequently Asked Questions On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Prejudice encompasses the cognitive and emotional biases one holds internally towards a group, while discrimination manifests these biases through actions or behaviors, negatively affecting members of the targeted group. PrejudiceDiscriminationAn internal feeling or belief, often based on stereotypes.External behavior or action targeting a group or individual.Cognitive and emotional biases.Actual behaviors or treatments, possibly institutionalized.Exists in the realm of thoughts, feelings, and attitudes....

On This Page:ToggleHow it WorksDimensionsExampleEvaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The semantic differential technique of Osgood et al. (1957) asks a person to rate an issue or topic on a standard set of bipolar adjectives (i.e., with opposite meanings), each representing a seven-point scale. How it Works Selection of a Concept: Choose the concept, idea, brand, or item you want to measure. This could be anything from a product, service, brand, to even an abstract idea....

Sympathy and empathy are two closely related but distinct emotions. Sympathy involves feeling sorry or pity for someone, whereas empathy involves understanding and sharing someone’s feelings. Sympathy is more of an external expression of emotion, while empathy is an internal emotional response. Simply put, sympathy is feeling for someone, while empathy is feeling with someone. Understanding the difference between these two emotions can help us communicate and connect with others on a deeper level....

On This Page:ToggleWhere is the Default Mode Network in the Brain?What is the Role of the Default Mode Network?MeditationThe Role of the Default Mode Network in DisordersFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Since then, the DMN has become a focus of research, and it is now regarded to reflect the brain’s ‘intrinsic’ activity, including its resting state and forms of abstract cognition, such as self-referential thoughts, reminiscing, and future planning (Davey, Pujol and Harrison, 2016; Smallwood et al....

The fall season can bring with it many opportunities for couples to come together and engage in activities that serve our need for emotional closeness. There is a certain coziness and nostalgia that fall can inspire with its ability to spark our senses. So, as the weather gets crisper, it is time to think about some ways in which you can tailor dates that focus on celebrating the season of fall....