Panic attacks, or anxiety attacks, are sudden episodes of intensefearand anxiety that trigger physical reactions, such as rapid breathing, shaking, and elevated heart rate. When panic attacks occur, you might feel like you’re losing control, having a heart attack, or even dying – even if there is no real danger or threat. Panic attacks are not life-threatening but can be frightening and significantly affect your quality of life if they are recurrent....
On This Page:ToggleAimMethodResultsConclusionStrengthsWeaknesses On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Aim The main aim of the Hofling Hospital Experiment was to investigate obedience to authority in a real-world setting, specifically within a hospital environment. The experiment was designed to test the extent to which the nurses would obey the doctor’s commands, even if they were asked to perform an action that could potentially harm a patient. Method An unknown “doctor” (actually a confederate in the experiment) called the hospital and ordered the nurses to administer a dangerously high dose of a (fictional) drug to a patient....
Lorenz (1935) investigated the mechanisms of imprinting, where some species of animals form an attachment to the first large moving object that they meet. This process suggests thatattachmentis innate and programmed genetically. He took a large clutch of goose eggs and kept them until they were about to hatch out. Half of the eggs were then placed under a goose mother, while Lorenz kept the other half hatched in an incubator, with Lorenz making sure he was the first moving object the newly hatched goslings encountered...
On This Page:ToggleShallow ProcessingDeep ProcessingKey Study Craik and Tulving (1975)Real-Life ApplicationsStrengthsWeaknesses On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The levels of processing model (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last. Craik defined depth as: “the meaningfulness extracted from the stimulus rather than in terms of the number of analyses performed upon it....
On This Page:ToggleExperiment OneExperiment TwoStrengthsWeaknessesIndependent Learning TasksLearning Check (1)Learning Check (2) On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitness’s account of an event. Her main focus has been on the influence of (mis)leading information regarding both visual imagery and wording of questions concerningeyewitness testimony. Aleading questionis a question that suggests what answer is desired or leads to the desired answer....
Theoretically, long-term memory capacity could be unlimited, the main constraint on recall being accessibility rather than availability. Duration might be a few minutes or a lifetime. Suggested encoding modes are semantic (meaning) and visual (pictorial) in the main but can be acoustic also. Using the computer analogy, the information in your LTM would be like the information you have saved on the hard drive. It isn’t there on your desktop (yourshort-term memory), but you can pull up this information when you want it, at least most of the time....
On This Page:ToggleMemory EncodingMemory StorageMemory RetrievalCriticisms of Memory Experiments On This Page:Toggle On This Page: “Memory is the process of maintaining information over time.” (Matlin, 2005) Memory is the term given to thestructuresandprocessesinvolved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today, or what we plan to do tomorrow....
On This Page:ToggleWhat is Dualism?What is Monism?Psychology & the Mind-Body DebateThe mind and body problem concerns the extent to which the mind and the body are separate or the same thing.The mind is about mental processes, thoughts, and consciousness. The body is about the physical aspects of thebrain-neuronsand how the brain is structured.Is the mind part of the body, or the body part of the mind? If they are distinct, then how do they interact?...
On This Page:ToggleHow does the minority change the majority view?behavioral StyleStyle of ThinkingFlexibility and CompromiseIdentificationMoscovici et al. (1969) Blue-Green StudyEvaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The term minority influence refers to a form of social influence that is attributed to exposure to a consistent minority position in a group. An important real-life example of a minority influencing a majority was the suffragette movement in the early years of the 20th century....
On This Page:ToggleThe Memory StoresSensory MemoryShort Term MemoryLong Term MemoryKey StudiesCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What is the Multi-Store Model? The Memory Stores Each store is a unitary structure and has its own characteristics in terms ofencoding, capacity and duration. Encodingis the way information is changed so that it can be stored in the memory. There are three main ways in which information can be encoded (changed):1. visual (picture),2....
On This Page:ToggleExpectation and Perceptual SetMotivation / Emotion and Perceptual SetCulture and Perceptual Set On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Perceptual set in psychology refers to a mental predisposition or readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on previous experiences, expectations, beliefs, and context. It influences how we interpret and make sense of sensory information, shaping our perception and understanding of the world. Perceptual set theory stresses the idea of perception as an active process involving selection, inference, and interpretation (known astop-down processing)....
When a person tries to memorize words or numbers, they rehearse the item to remember it for a longer time. In this experiment, rehearsal was prevented leading to decay in memory. Aim To investigate the duration of short-term memory. Lloyd and Margaret Peterson aimed to test the hypothesis that information that is not rehearsed is lost quickly from short-term memory. Procedure Alab experimentwas conducted in which 24 participants (psychology students) had to recall trigrams (meaningless three-consonant syllables), such as TGH, CLS....
On This Page:ToggleWhat is Visual Perception?Gregory’s Theory of PerceptionGibson’s Theory of PerceptionReferences On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What is Visual Perception? To receive information from the environment, we are equipped with sense organs, e.g., the eye, ear, and nose. Each sense organ is part of a sensory system that receives sensory inputs and transmits sensory information to the brain. A major theoretical issue on which psychologists are divided is the extent to which perception relies directly on the information present in the environment....
On This Page:ToggleContact HypothesisWhy Does Contact Reduce Prejudice?Examples of Contact HypothesisEvaluating the Contact Hypothesis On This Page:Toggle On This Page: However, empirical evidence suggests that this is only in certain circumstances. Key Takeaways:The contact hypothesis fundamentally rests on the idea that ingroups who have more interactions with a certain outgroup tend to develop more positive perceptions and fewer negative perceptions of that outgroup.Theorists have long been interested inintergroup conflict. However, Robin Williams and Gordon Allport proposed a number of conditions for ameliorating intergroup conflict that has formed the basis of empirical research for several decades....
On This Page:ToggleHormonesChromosomesEvolutionary TheoryBiosocial Approach On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What is the biological basis of being male or female? Sex chromosomes primarily determine the biological basis of being male or female. In humans, males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), while females have two X chromosomes (XX). This chromosomal difference leads to the development of different sexual organs in the womb: XY leads to testes, and XX leads to ovaries....
