The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist namedSigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychoanalysis. Anna O. was a highly intelligent and intuitive woman who fell ill during her father’s final illness and after his death. She sought treatment for various symptoms, including visual disturbances, hallucinations, partial paralysis, and speech problems....

Protective buffering is a coping strategy used in close relationships where one partner conceals concerns, yields during conflicts, or pretends things are fine to shield the other partner from emotional distress. It can be enacted with self-protective intentions to minimize one’s own distress or with partner-protective intentions to spare the other person. Defending personal boundaries and freedom concept. Young woman standing and feeling in capsule defending her own private personal boundaries from man vector illustration...

The findings validateattachment theory– identifying attachment insecurity as a risk factor for poor mental health outcomes, especially anxiety and loneliness, during the upheaval of a pandemic. Loneliness appears to be a key mechanism linking insecure attachment to depressive and anxious symptoms. attachment working models Key Points Rationale The COVID-19 pandemic created immense disruption and stress globally. Research suggests the pandemic led to worse population mental health, including increased rates of depression, anxiety, and loneliness (Pierce et al....

Attachment theory and psychoanalytic theory, though differing in certain respects, offer complementary perspectives on human development, relationships, and therapeutic change. Attachment TheoryPsychoanalytic TheoryInner working modelsReflect real experiencesReflect inner conflicts and fantasiesRole of sexualityNot a core focusCentral componentTherapeutic relationshipProvides secure baseSource of transferenceTherapeutic prioritiesVary depending on attachment styleMake unconscious consciousEmphasisObservable behaviors and relationshipsInner motives and drivesResearch approachEmpirical studiesClinical observation Real Experiences vs. Inner Representations Attachment theoryemphasizes real interactions with caregivers shape an infant’s attachment....

Securely attachedinfants can freely express distress, receive comforting care, and return to exploration. This teaches them that close others will be available and responsive when needed (Ainsworth, 1979). Insecurely attached infants, who receive less sensitive care, develop alternative strategies for regulating distress that persist into adulthood (Main, 1996; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Deactivating strategies: suppressing/ minimizing negative emotions to limit the hurt and disappointment that is expected to occur when depending on close others....

On This Page:ToggleJung’s Model of the PsychePersonal UnconsciousCollective UnconsciousJungian ArchetypesPsychological TypesIndividuationTheory of the LibidoFreud Vs. JungCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Carl Jung’s personality theory focuses on the interplay between the conscious and unconscious mind, universal archetypes, the process of individuation, and psychological types. The theory emphasizes the integration of various aspects of personality to achieve self-realization and encompasses universal and individual dynamics. It forms the foundation for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a widely-used personality test....

On This Page:ToggleOverviewExample Infant-Parent AttachmentMechanismsCritical Periods vs Sensitive PeriodsHypothesisCritical EvaluationFurther Information On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Overview If an organism does not receive exposure to the appropriate stimulus needed to learn a skill during a critical period, it may be difficult or even impossible for that organism to develop certain functions associated with that skill later in life. This happens because a range of functional and structural elements prevent passive experiences from eliciting significant changes in the brain (Cisneros-Franco et al....

Their father remarried, but his new wife proved excessively cruel to the twins, banishing them to the cellar for the next five and a half years and beating them occasionally. The father (who was quite possibly of limited intellectual ability) was for most of the time absent from home because of his job, and the economic condition of the family was far below the average low-working classes. On discovery at the age of seven, the Koluchová twins were dwarfed in stature, lacking speech, suffering from rickets and did not understand the meaning of pictures....

On This Page:ToggleAimsProcedureFindingsConclusionWeaknesses On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Hodges, J. & Tizard, B. (1989) Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97. Aims Procedure Jill Hodges and Barbara Tizard (1989) followed the development of 65 children in residential nurseries from only a few months old. Thislongitudinal study(lasting 12 years from ages 4 – 16 yrs) used interviews and questionnaires. All of these children had been taken into care before they were six months old and had stayed there until they were at least two years old...

Quality time is one of Dr. Gary Chapman’s fivelove languages, focusing on the act of giving someone your undivided attention and engagement during shared activities or conversations. This focused time together, free from distractions, signifies deep love and connection, nurturing the bond between couples. Dr. Chapman is a psychologist-anthropologist and the author of the book “The Five Love Languages,” published in 1992. Love languages, as a concept, describe the way someone expresses and receives love....

What are acts of service as a love language? Such tasks one can do for their partner can range from washing the dishes and cleaning the house to filling their car with gas or getting their favorite take-out. By displaying this initiative and doing tangible things to support them, they showcase their love in an “actions speak louder than words” manner. Similarly, for people with this love language, it can be extra hurtful when people see them being overwhelmed and do not assist or if they offer to help but then fall through on that commitment....

Interactional synchrony refers to the coordinated timing and dynamics between a caregiver’s and an infant’s social behaviors during interpersonal exchanges. This synchrony is a dance of sorts relying on the caregiver’s sensitive responsiveness to the child’s cues. Interactional synchrony is a form of rhythmic interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual focus, reciprocity, and mirroring of emotion or behavior. Infants coordinate their actions with caregivers in a kind of conversation....

Prior research demonstrates that custodial grandchildren have often experienced adversity and disruption to their attachments with birth parents due to events such as parental substance abuse, maltreatment, death, or incarceration (Hayslip & Fruhauf, 2017). Theseadverse childhood experiencesput custodial grandchildren at heightened risk for internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as other socioemotional difficulties (Hayslip & Fruhauf, 2017). At the same time, grandparents who assume the custodial parenting role also experience stressors related to social stigma, financial hardship, and conflict with birth parents that can negatively impact family relationships (Meyer & Abdul-Malak, 2016)....

On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Evolutionary Theory of Attachment Babies are born with the tendency to display certain innate behaviors (called social releases), which help ensure proximity and contact with the mother or attachment figure (e.g., crying, smiling, crawling, etc.) – these are species-specific behaviors. These attachment behaviors initially function likefixed action patternsand share the same function. The infant produces innate ‘social releaser’ behaviors such as crying and smiling that stimulate caregiving from adults....

On This Page:ToggleClassical ConditioningDollard and MillerCritical EvaluationLearning Check On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The learningtheory of attachmentsuggests that attachment is a set of learned behaviors instead of innate biological behavior. The basis for the learning of attachments is the provision of food. This theory encompasses two types of learning: classical conditioning, where an infant learns to associate the caregiver with comfort and eventually forms an attachment. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, assumes that infants are in a drive state of internal tension or discomfort, and their actions focus on removing this discomfort....