Key Points Rationale Attachment theory posits that people develop working models of attachment based on their experiences in close relationships, which guide their interactions with others (Collins et al., 2004). These working models are believed to be flexible and can be refined based on ongoing relationship experiences (Arriaga et al., 2018; Collins et al., 2004). Waddington’s (1957) writings on the development of biological cells and his analogy of a marble rolling down a hill, known as the epigenetic landscape (Fraley & Brumbaugh, 2004)....

They may engage in repetitive religious rituals, seek reassurance about their moral conduct, or have intrusive blasphemous thoughts. Scrupulosity is often considered a presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with a religious or moral focus. Key Points Rationale However, the dimensionality of scrupulosity and its associations with OCD symptoms remains unclear. Scrupulosity dimensionality refers to the number and nature of distinct factors or dimensions that underlie the symptoms of scrupulosity. In other words, it concerns the question of whether scrupulosity is a unitary construct or if it comprises multiple, separate dimensions....

Sensitive responsivenessis the caregiver’s ability to notice, accurately interpret, and promptly respond to an infant’s signals in an appropriate manner. It involves being attuned to the child’s needs and providing consistent, warm, and contingent care that promotes secure attachment and healthy development. Key Points Rationale The rationale for this study is rooted in the limitations ofattachment theoryresearch, which has primarily focused on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) populations (Henrich et al....

ADHD is often treated with medications that targetneurotransmittersystems in the brain, particularlydopamineand norepinephrine. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are the most commonly prescribed and have been shown to be effective in reducing core ADHD symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Medication management is often combined with behavioral and psychosocial interventions for optimal outcomes. It is advisable to speak to a medical professional about ADHD medication and the risks involved....

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects both children and adults, causing difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. While there are variousapproaches to managing ADHD, including behavioral therapies and lifestyle changes, medication is often a key component of treatment plans. This article provides an overview of the types of medications used to treat ADHD, their effectiveness, potential side effects, and other important considerations. Types of ADHD Medications There are two main categories of medications used to treat ADHD: stimulants and non-stimulants....

On This Page:ToggleSignsAdult TriggersCausesHow to FixAdult RelationshipsCan Attachment Styles be Changed?What Is My Attachment Style? On This Page:Toggle On This Page: If you tend to feel insecure, worried about rejection, or clingy with romantic partners, you may have an anxious attachment style. Attachment stylesare expectations people develop about relationships with others, and the first attachment is based on the relationship individuals had with their primary caregiver when they were infants....

Safety behaviors insocial anxietyare actions taken to prevent feared outcomes in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking. Safety behaviors can help alleviate social anxiety in the short term but can maintain and exacerbate it in the long run for several reasons: Dropping safety behaviors allows individuals to fully engage in social situations and test their negative predictions. Over time, this can lead toincreased social confidenceas people learn they can handle social interactions without relying on safety aids....

Rosenzweig (1936) noted that diverse psychotherapies often prove similarly successful, leading him to question what common factors make them equally effective. He referenced the Dodo bird’s quote from Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, “Everybody has won, and all must have prizes,” and his assertion that different therapies have equivalent outcomes became known as the Dodo bird verdict. Rosenzweig (1936) argued for the importance of common factors in psychotherapy without specifying what they were, only mentioning social reconditioning andcatharsisas examples....

Social anxiety can undermine our confidence, making us fear judgment and rejection in social situations. For those dealing with social anxiety disorder (SAD), it is as if there is a shadow blurring their view of the world. This feeling comes from being afraid of what people might think in social situations. Imagine feeling worried that people will judge or reject you when you are in a social situation. That is a big part of what social anxiety is about....

Having an affair can shatter the trust and safety between two people, and for many, it represents the ultimateboundary crossing. That’s why, for a relationship to survive and thrive after such a betrayal, boundaries need to be reassessed and improved. a happy couple holding hands while an outline of an angry woman is watching them - a concept of cheating. Boundariesare the limits and rules you set in a relationship, with your partner, and with yourself....

On This Page:ToggleBoundary ViolationsHow to RespondControl vs Boundaries On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Boundariesare the values, rules, and limits in your life and relationships that help you feel healthy and safe. Thus, when another person (accidentally or purposefully) disrespects your boundaries, it can harm your well-being and make you feel unsafe. A woman uses a large red pencil to draw a line between her and someone else - setting a boundary....

Setting boundaries in the early stages of dating will set the tone for the rest of the relationship. Boundaries are limits and rules you set within relationships – what you want and need and what is acceptable and unacceptable to you. Even if you’ve just met someone or you’re dating on a casual basis, boundaries protect your well-being and allow you to enjoy the relationships you have. A curious woman looking over her partner’s shoulder at their phone....

Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) involves recurring, intrusive, and negative thoughts, such as worrying about future events (e.g., “What if I fail this exam?”) or ruminating on past experiences (e.g., “I shouldn’t have said that.”). RNT is a common feature of GAD and can contribute to other symptoms, such as sleep disturbances and fatigue. Struggling to sleep due to repetitive negative thoughts may be a common occurrence in women who have Generalized Anxiety Disorder according to new research....

Do you find yourself tossing and turning in bed, unable to quiet your mind no matter how tired you are? If so, you are not alone. This is a common struggle for millions worldwide, especially people with anxiety disorders likeGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). While it is normal to feel anxious from time to time, GAD takes worry to a whole new level, with thoughts that often spiral out of control and seem impossible to quiet....

On This Page:ToggleGeneral RulesHealthy RelationshipsToxic RelationshipsTo Reduce Stress On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Setting and maintaining healthy boundaries is necessary for two individuals in a relationship to grow. Without appropriate boundaries, a relationship will eventually crumble and quickly becometoxic. Partners need to communicate what they want and don’t want from early on in the relationship. Some boundaries are communicated head-on (“I want a monogamous relationship”), while others are developed on a trial-and-error basis....