People with a dismissive avoidant attachment style typically exhibit a tendency to emotionally distance themselves from others, particularly in close relationships. These individuals often deny the importance of closeness and intimacy, maintain high self-reliance, and disregard or suppress emotional connections due to their defensive dismissal of attachment needs. The dismissive avoidant attachment style describes a way of relating to other people that is distant, self-reliant, and distrusting. dismissive avoidant attachment...

Students with ADHD may struggle with academic demands, organization, and social interactions, which can impact their learning, relationships, and overall school experience. Without appropriate support and accommodations, these difficulties can have long-lasting effects on educational attainment, social development, and future opportunities. Understanding the experiences of young people with ADHD in educational settings is crucial for identifying ways to better support their needs and promote positive outcomes. Key Points Rationale Young people with ADHD experience poorer educational and social outcomes compared to their peers without ADHD (Shaw et al....

Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize, understand and manage our own emotions while acknowledging and engaging with the emotions of others (Goleman, 1996). Emotional intelligencecomprises a set of skills, includingempathy, problem-solving, interpersonal skills, and the capacity to regulate our own emotions. It plays a significant role in the contemporary world and is a better predictor of success, quality of relationships, and life satisfaction than intellectual intelligence (IQ) (Koubova and Buchko, 2013)....

Neurofeedback, behavior therapy, and pharmacological treatment are interventions used to manage attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Neurofeedback trains individuals to regulate brain activity through real-time feedback. Behavior therapy teaches strategies to improve focus, organization, andimpulse controlthrough techniques like parent training and skill-building. Pharmacological treatment, typically stimulant medication, targets chemical imbalances to enhance attention and reduce hyperactivity. Each approach has unique mechanisms of action, but all aim to alleviate ADHD symptoms and improve functioning....

On This Page:ToggleChecking ObsessionsChecking CompulsionsThe Checking OCD CycleEffects of Checking OCDHow To Stop CheckingTreatmentHelping Someone With OCD On This Page:Toggle On This Page: A person with checking OCD will go back to check repeatedly to ensure everything is as it should be. And even still, they may still not genuinely be convinced it is okay. Compulsive checking occurs when people who believe that they have a special, elevated responsibility for preventing harm, mainly to others, are unsure that a perceived threat has been reduced or removed....

Many individuals with OCD suffer for years with significantly diminished quality of life before seeking treatment, if they seek help at all, likely due to a complex interplay of powerful factors influencing their decision to pursue support. To better understand these factors, it is crucial to engage people with OCD directly in comprehensive discussions about their experiences with help-seeking. a person with an open laptop over their head, head on a desk, holding small help sign...

On This Page:ToggleFundamental OrientationsLanguageKnowledge ConstructionPedagogySocial RelationshipsResearch Methods On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Unlike Piaget’s notion that children’s cognitive development must necessarily precede their learning, Vygotsky argued, “learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function” (1978, p. 90). In other words, social learning precedes (i.e., come before) development. Vygotsky vs Piaget Fundamental Orientations The core difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories lies in their orientation towards the individual’s role in development....

On This Page:ToggleComorbiditiesCompulsionsAvoidanceHypervigilanceReassuranceUncertaintiesStressful Life EventsIsolationJunk FoodInadequate SleepHelpful StrategiesDoes OCD Go Away? On This Page:Toggle On This Page: ocd symmetry Comorbidities: A History of Mental Health Conditions Some coexisting mental health conditions, known as comorbidities, can contribute to the severity of OCD symptoms. Individuals withOCDoften concurrently struggle with other types of mental health conditions, and these comorbidities could contribute to worsening OCD. Up to 60–80% of patients with OCD experience a depressive episode in their lifetime, and at least one-third of patients with OCD have a concurrent major depressive disorder at the time of evaluation (Pallanti et al....

DBT can help individuals with ADHD manage emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and interpersonal difficulties. By teaching skills such asmindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness, DBT can help those with ADHD better cope with their symptoms and improve overall functioning, making it a valuable complementary treatment approach although alternative management methods should be considered. Whilepharmacological treatmentsare often the first-line approach for managingADHD symptoms, psychosocial interventions can provide additional support and help individuals develop coping strategies....

Schema therapyis an integrative psychotherapy approach that combines elements of cognitive-behavioral, attachment, psychodynamic, and emotion-focused therapies. It focuses on identifying and modifying early maladaptive schemas (self-defeating emotional and cognitive patterns) and schema modes (moment-to-moment emotional states) that are thought to underlie chronic psychological disorders. The goal is to help patients develop healthier schemas and coping strategies to improve their interpersonal relationships and overall functioning. Key Points Rationale Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most established evidence-based psychological treatment for anxiety, OCD, and PTSD....

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is acognitive-behavioraltreatment that emphasizes building skills inmindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness. Through structured individual and group sessions, DBT helps individuals identify and change problematic thoughts and behaviors. For ADHD, DBT skills like mindfulness and organization can target inattention andimpulsivity, whileemotional regulationstrategies address mood lability and stress management. By teaching practical coping tools and promoting self-awareness,DBT can help adults with ADHDbetter manage their symptoms and improve overall functioning and quality of life....

Neurofeedback is a promising non-pharmacologicaltreatment for managing ADHDsymptoms. By training individuals to modulate specific brain wave patterns associated with attention,impulsivity, and hyperactivity, neurofeedback can help improve self-regulation and reduce ADHD symptoms. This article explores the mechanisms behind neurofeedback, its effectiveness in treating ADHD based on current research, and important considerations for those interested in pursuing this treatment option. What is neurofeedback? Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback or neurotherapy, is a non-invasive treatment that aims to improve brain function through the self-regulation of brain activity....

On This Page:ToggleEarly Maladaptive SchemasCoping StylesSchema ModesTreatment StrategiesEmpirical Support On This Page:Toggle On This Page: It was originally designed to treat clients with personality disorders, chronic depression and anxiety, and other difficult problems that were not responding well to traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Schema therapy focuses on identifying and modifying early maladaptive schemas (self-defeating emotional and cognitive patterns) and schema modes (moment-to-moment emotional states) that are thought to underlie chronic psychological disorders....

On This Page:ToggleCausesChild SymptomsAdult SymptomsTriggersSelf-Regulation StrategiesRelationships with Disorganized Adults On This Page:Toggle On This Page: A person with a disorganized attachment style will often feel conflicted about how to behave in relationships and will use both anxious (emotional hyper-activation) and avoidant (emotional deactivation) strategies to soothe their fears. A person with disorganized attachment will exhibit inconsistent, erratic behaviors and responses, reflecting confusion about the reliability of their caregivers. This is often linked to traumatic or unstable early life experiences....

Executive dysfunction in ADHD involves deficits in cognitive processes like working memory, planning, organization, andself-motivation. These difficulties can lead toprocrastination, inefficiency, underachievement, andemotional distressin students, fueling a cycle of frustration and impaired academic performance. Notably, executive deficits often persist even when core ADHD symptoms are managed with medication, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to build compensatory skills and coping strategies to support academic success and well-being. Key Points Rationale ADHD has a pronounced negative impact on academic performance and emotional well-being in college students (Ramsay & Rostain, 2015b; Thomas et al....