When Is the Best Time to Take Vitamins?

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsMultivitaminsB VitaminsVitamin CVitamin DVitamin AVitamin EPrenatal VitaminsAre All Vitamin Supplements Good for You?What to Do If Your Loved Ones Won’t Take Their Vitamins

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Multivitamins

B Vitamins

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin A

Vitamin E

Prenatal Vitamins

Are All Vitamin Supplements Good for You?

What to Do If Your Loved Ones Won’t Take Their Vitamins

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The time you take your vitamins can sometimes determine their efficacy. While some vitamins are absorbed best when you take them first thing in the morning with water, others are absorbed or work better when you take them with a meal or just before bedtime.

Most vitamins fall into two categories: water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed and most effective when you take them with water on an empty stomach. For fat-soluble vitamins, it’s best to take them with a meal because your body can absorb them better.

Taking vitamins and multivitamins can be a great habit to develop at any age. A wealth of research shows that nutritional deficiencies can contribute to not just medical but mental health conditions. Vitamin and multivitamin supplements can improve your general health and well-being and help preventnutritional deficiencies, which can affect your mental health.

So while that taking vitamins and multivitamins can benefit your health, you may not know when to take them to get the best out of their potential benefits. This article discusses the benefits of taking some of the most common vitamins and the ideal time to take them.

Multivitamins contain both fat- and water-soluble vitamins.Multivitamins contain an array of vitamins hence the name.

One study noted that in the United States, between 40% and 50% of men and women over 50 take multivitamins. However, the study concluded that contrary to common belief, there might not be many benefits in taking multivitamins for the general population.

However, the same review noted that in specific cases, vitamins and supplements are clearly beneficial, such as the prenatal use of iron and folate.

When to Take Multivitamins

B vitamins include a range of vitamins with numbers from B1 to B12. B vitamins are essential for the optimal functioning of many processes in your body. They help your body to form healthy red blood cells and get energy from the food you eat. Certain B vitamin deficiencies have also been linked to poor mental health.

When to Take Vitamin B

Vitamin C, aka ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin.Vitamin C is essential for the repair of your tissues, skin, and bones. Vitamin C also helps your body absorb iron. Additionally, taking vitamin C can also help your body heal wounds more effectively.

Also, there’s some research to suggest a link between vitamin C and your mood and that antioxidants in vitamin C may be able to adjunctively reduce and prevent anxiety.

When to Take Vitamin CIf you are not getting enough vitamin C from your diet alone (from vitamin C-rich foods like citrus fruits, berries, leafy greens, etc.), supplements ranging in dosage from 25 to 1000 milligrams are available. Given that vitamin C is water soluble, it is best absorbed in the morning with water on any empty stomach. However, some people experiencing upset with vitamin C, and in that case taking it with meals may be better tolerated.

When to Take Vitamin C

If you are not getting enough vitamin C from your diet alone (from vitamin C-rich foods like citrus fruits, berries, leafy greens, etc.), supplements ranging in dosage from 25 to 1000 milligrams are available. Given that vitamin C is water soluble, it is best absorbed in the morning with water on any empty stomach. However, some people experiencing upset with vitamin C, and in that case taking it with meals may be better tolerated.

Vitamin D, affectionately known as the “sunshine” vitamin because the sun is a major source of vitamin D, is necessary for several bodily functions.

Often, a vitamin D supplement is necessary for those who live in regions with very little sunlightor people with darker skin complexions. Melanin is a pigment in the skin and hair responsible for dark skin tones and hair.For people with higher amounts of melanin in the skin, it becomes more difficult for the body to synthesize vitamin D in the skin.

Aside from impacting your physical functioning, vitamin D sufficiency has been associated with aspects of your mental health. Scientists have observed that in colder climates, people who don’t get sufficient sun exposure are more prone to depression.

Aside from sunlight, other vitamin D sources include:

When to Take Vitamin DGiven that vitamin D is fat soluble, it is generally felt that taking it with a meal promotes better absorption.However one small study that looked at whether taking vitamin D with foods can aid the rate at which your body absorbs it found that people who took higher dose vitamin D supplements alongside low-fat meals absorbed it better.

When to Take Vitamin D

Given that vitamin D is fat soluble, it is generally felt that taking it with a meal promotes better absorption.However one small study that looked at whether taking vitamin D with foods can aid the rate at which your body absorbs it found that people who took higher dose vitamin D supplements alongside low-fat meals absorbed it better.

Vitamin A is one of the vitamins and micronutrients your body cannot produce. This means you must get it via food or supplements.

Vitamin A is vital for many processes in your body, including maintaining the health of your skin, eyes, and gut lining.

There are two forms of vitamin A form we consume through our diet and supplements, preformed vitamin A and provitamin A. Some research shows that including carotenoids in your diet, which are converted to vitamin A in your body may reduce your risk of developing depressive symptoms.

When to Take Vitamin AAs a fat-soluble vitamin,it is best to take vitamin A with a meal, especially one that contains a portion of healthy fats. The recommended dietary intake for adults is between 700 and 900 micrograms.It is important to note that unlike water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins get stored in the fat in your body, and taking more than required can lead to build up and toxicity.

When to Take Vitamin A

As a fat-soluble vitamin,it is best to take vitamin A with a meal, especially one that contains a portion of healthy fats. The recommended dietary intake for adults is between 700 and 900 micrograms.It is important to note that unlike water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins get stored in the fat in your body, and taking more than required can lead to build up and toxicity.

Vitamin E, an antioxidant that aids in protecting your body’s cell membranes, can only be obtained from the foods you eat.

For example, you can add vitamin E to your diet via supplements or foods such as:

Some research shows that low levels of vitamin E have been linked to depression and anxiety. While it’s unclear whether supplementation can help with managing symptoms of depression and anxiety, scientists are encouraging further research into the possibility.

When to Take Vitamin EIt’s advisable to take vitamin E with a glass of water, preferably with food.

When to Take Vitamin E

It’s advisable to take vitamin E with a glass of water, preferably with food.

These vitamins are designed for people who are pregnant or may become pregnant. Some of the most crucial vitamins for pregnant people are folic acid, calcium, vitamin D, iron, and vitamin A. Prenatal vitamins include a cocktail of vitamins necessary for you and your child’s well-being before, during, and after pregnancy.

Research shows that prenatal vitamins play a vital role in aiding the proper brain development of your child and reducing their risk of developing mental disorders.

When to Take Prenatal Vitamins

There are a number of people who rely on vitamin supplements to fulfill their daily nutritional requirements. While taking the recommended doses of vitamin supplements can be helpful, taking high doses is not only ineffective but can be harmful to your health.

Overdose RiskAn overdose on supplements containing vitamins B or C may only result in temporary side effects, however supplements containing vitamins A, E and D can cause serious adverse effects when used improperly.If you’re experiencing serious effects, go to your nearest emergency room.911

Overdose Risk

An overdose on supplements containing vitamins B or C may only result in temporary side effects, however supplements containing vitamins A, E and D can cause serious adverse effects when used improperly.If you’re experiencing serious effects, go to your nearest emergency room.

An overdose on supplements containing vitamins B or C may only result in temporary side effects, however supplements containing vitamins A, E and D can cause serious adverse effects when used improperly.

If you’re experiencing serious effects, go to your nearest emergency room.

911

What About Chewable or Gummy Vitamins?

Chewable or gummy vitamins are an ideal option for people who either don’t like to swallow pills or don’t like the taste of vitamin supplements.

Taking chewable or gummy vitamins in place of traditional tablets is mostly safe and effective.

In a 2020 study, researchers compared the efficacy of vitamin C gummy sources with tablet sources. They found that there was no significant difference in the rate at which the body absorbed both forms, as such they are similarly effective.

Researchers also caution parents against using chewable or gummy vitamins to replace nutritional vitamin sources for their children, as a result of their appeal.

In one study, they observed a wide variation in the dosage of these types of vitamins depending on the supplement, which can be problematic. Many of these supplements also contain a higher dose of vitamins than the daily nutritional requirements for children. While taking your vitamins is beneficial, consuming it in excess could result in adverse effects.

How Can I Get My Child or Loved One to Take Their Vitamin Supplements?

It’s common for some people to have an aversion to vitamins. Some people may simply not enjoy the taste, and others could just be stubborn or forgetful.

It can be difficult to get your child to take their vitamins, so here are some ways you can help them do so:

If you have a loved one or a partner(s) who does not take or forgets to take their supplements, here’s how you can help them:

Natural Supplements May Help Treat Mental Health Conditions, Study Says

27 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cleveland Clinic.The best time to take vitamins.Sathyanarayana Rao T, Asha M, Ramesh B, Jagannatha Rao K.Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses.Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77.National Cancer Institute.Fat-soluble vitamin.Kamangar F, Emadi A.Vitamin and mineral supplements: do we really need them?.Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(3):221-226.Biesalski HK, Tinz J.Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety - A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.013Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.Abdullah M, Jamil RT, Attia FN.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 25, 2022.National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus.Vitamin C.Oliveira IJL de, de Souza VV, Motta V, Da-Silva SL.Effects of oral vitamin c supplementation on anxiety in students: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Pakistan J of Biological Sciences. 2014;18(1):11-18.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) InformationDominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M.Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment.Metabolites. 2021;11(4):255. Published 2021 Apr 20. doi:10.3390/metabo11040255Oxford Dictionary.Melanin.Webb AR, Kazantzidis A, Kift RC, Farrar MD, Wilkinson J, Rhodes LE.Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes.Nutrients. 2018;10(4):457. Published 2018 Apr 7. doi:10.3390/nu10040457Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Ceglia L, Rasmussen H.Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D 3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation: MEAL COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN D ABSORPTION.J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783.Gilbert C.What is vitamin A and why do we need it?.Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65.Yu Q, Xue F, Li Z, et al.Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antioxidants. 2022;11(11):2205.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin a (Retinol) information.Böhm V. Vitamin E.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(3):44. Published 2018 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/antiox7030044Lee ARYB, Tariq A, Lau G, Tok NWK, Tam WWS, Ho CSH.Vitamin e, alpha-tocopherol, and its effects on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):656.Cleveland Clinic.Vitamin E capsules or tablets.Li Y, Freedman R.Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Invest. 2020;4(2):118-126.Cleveland Clinic.When should you start taking prenatal vitamins?Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety – A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82.Rogovik AL, Vohra S, Goldman RD.Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs?Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(2):311-324.Evans M, Guthrie N, Zhang HK, Hooper W, Wong A, Ghassemi A.Vitamin c bioequivalence from gummy and caplet sources in healthy adults: a randomized-controlled trial.Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2020;39(5):422-431.Elliott C.Assessing vitamins, minerals and supplements marketed to children in canada.IJERPH. 2019;16(22):4326.

27 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cleveland Clinic.The best time to take vitamins.Sathyanarayana Rao T, Asha M, Ramesh B, Jagannatha Rao K.Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses.Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77.National Cancer Institute.Fat-soluble vitamin.Kamangar F, Emadi A.Vitamin and mineral supplements: do we really need them?.Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(3):221-226.Biesalski HK, Tinz J.Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety - A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.013Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.Abdullah M, Jamil RT, Attia FN.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 25, 2022.National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus.Vitamin C.Oliveira IJL de, de Souza VV, Motta V, Da-Silva SL.Effects of oral vitamin c supplementation on anxiety in students: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Pakistan J of Biological Sciences. 2014;18(1):11-18.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) InformationDominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M.Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment.Metabolites. 2021;11(4):255. Published 2021 Apr 20. doi:10.3390/metabo11040255Oxford Dictionary.Melanin.Webb AR, Kazantzidis A, Kift RC, Farrar MD, Wilkinson J, Rhodes LE.Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes.Nutrients. 2018;10(4):457. Published 2018 Apr 7. doi:10.3390/nu10040457Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Ceglia L, Rasmussen H.Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D 3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation: MEAL COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN D ABSORPTION.J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783.Gilbert C.What is vitamin A and why do we need it?.Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65.Yu Q, Xue F, Li Z, et al.Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antioxidants. 2022;11(11):2205.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin a (Retinol) information.Böhm V. Vitamin E.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(3):44. Published 2018 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/antiox7030044Lee ARYB, Tariq A, Lau G, Tok NWK, Tam WWS, Ho CSH.Vitamin e, alpha-tocopherol, and its effects on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):656.Cleveland Clinic.Vitamin E capsules or tablets.Li Y, Freedman R.Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Invest. 2020;4(2):118-126.Cleveland Clinic.When should you start taking prenatal vitamins?Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety – A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82.Rogovik AL, Vohra S, Goldman RD.Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs?Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(2):311-324.Evans M, Guthrie N, Zhang HK, Hooper W, Wong A, Ghassemi A.Vitamin c bioequivalence from gummy and caplet sources in healthy adults: a randomized-controlled trial.Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2020;39(5):422-431.Elliott C.Assessing vitamins, minerals and supplements marketed to children in canada.IJERPH. 2019;16(22):4326.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Cleveland Clinic.The best time to take vitamins.Sathyanarayana Rao T, Asha M, Ramesh B, Jagannatha Rao K.Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses.Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77.National Cancer Institute.Fat-soluble vitamin.Kamangar F, Emadi A.Vitamin and mineral supplements: do we really need them?.Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(3):221-226.Biesalski HK, Tinz J.Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety - A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.013Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.Abdullah M, Jamil RT, Attia FN.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 25, 2022.National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus.Vitamin C.Oliveira IJL de, de Souza VV, Motta V, Da-Silva SL.Effects of oral vitamin c supplementation on anxiety in students: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Pakistan J of Biological Sciences. 2014;18(1):11-18.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) InformationDominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M.Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment.Metabolites. 2021;11(4):255. Published 2021 Apr 20. doi:10.3390/metabo11040255Oxford Dictionary.Melanin.Webb AR, Kazantzidis A, Kift RC, Farrar MD, Wilkinson J, Rhodes LE.Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes.Nutrients. 2018;10(4):457. Published 2018 Apr 7. doi:10.3390/nu10040457Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Ceglia L, Rasmussen H.Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D 3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation: MEAL COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN D ABSORPTION.J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783.Gilbert C.What is vitamin A and why do we need it?.Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65.Yu Q, Xue F, Li Z, et al.Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antioxidants. 2022;11(11):2205.Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin a (Retinol) information.Böhm V. Vitamin E.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(3):44. Published 2018 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/antiox7030044Lee ARYB, Tariq A, Lau G, Tok NWK, Tam WWS, Ho CSH.Vitamin e, alpha-tocopherol, and its effects on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):656.Cleveland Clinic.Vitamin E capsules or tablets.Li Y, Freedman R.Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Invest. 2020;4(2):118-126.Cleveland Clinic.When should you start taking prenatal vitamins?Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety – A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82.Rogovik AL, Vohra S, Goldman RD.Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs?Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(2):311-324.Evans M, Guthrie N, Zhang HK, Hooper W, Wong A, Ghassemi A.Vitamin c bioequivalence from gummy and caplet sources in healthy adults: a randomized-controlled trial.Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2020;39(5):422-431.Elliott C.Assessing vitamins, minerals and supplements marketed to children in canada.IJERPH. 2019;16(22):4326.

Cleveland Clinic.The best time to take vitamins.

Sathyanarayana Rao T, Asha M, Ramesh B, Jagannatha Rao K.Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses.Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77.

National Cancer Institute.Fat-soluble vitamin.

Kamangar F, Emadi A.Vitamin and mineral supplements: do we really need them?.Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(3):221-226.

Biesalski HK, Tinz J.Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety - A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.013

Kennedy DO.B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review.Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.

Abdullah M, Jamil RT, Attia FN.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; October 25, 2022.

National Library of Medicine. Medline Plus.Vitamin C.

Oliveira IJL de, de Souza VV, Motta V, Da-Silva SL.Effects of oral vitamin c supplementation on anxiety in students: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Pakistan J of Biological Sciences. 2014;18(1):11-18.

Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Information

Dominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M.Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Compounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment.Metabolites. 2021;11(4):255. Published 2021 Apr 20. doi:10.3390/metabo11040255

Oxford Dictionary.Melanin.

Webb AR, Kazantzidis A, Kift RC, Farrar MD, Wilkinson J, Rhodes LE.Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes.Nutrients. 2018;10(4):457. Published 2018 Apr 7. doi:10.3390/nu10040457

Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Ceglia L, Rasmussen H.Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D 3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation: MEAL COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN D ABSORPTION.J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783.

Gilbert C.What is vitamin A and why do we need it?.Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65.

Yu Q, Xue F, Li Z, et al.Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antioxidants. 2022;11(11):2205.

Mount Sinai Health System.Vitamin a (Retinol) information.

Böhm V. Vitamin E.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(3):44. Published 2018 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/antiox7030044

Lee ARYB, Tariq A, Lau G, Tok NWK, Tam WWS, Ho CSH.Vitamin e, alpha-tocopherol, and its effects on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2022;14(3):656.

Cleveland Clinic.Vitamin E capsules or tablets.

Li Y, Freedman R.Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Invest. 2020;4(2):118-126.

Cleveland Clinic.When should you start taking prenatal vitamins?

Multivitamin/mineral supplements: Rationale and safety – A systematic review.Nutrition. 2017;33:76-82.

Rogovik AL, Vohra S, Goldman RD.Safety considerations and potential interactions of vitamins: should vitamins be considered drugs?Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(2):311-324.

Evans M, Guthrie N, Zhang HK, Hooper W, Wong A, Ghassemi A.Vitamin c bioequivalence from gummy and caplet sources in healthy adults: a randomized-controlled trial.Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2020;39(5):422-431.

Elliott C.Assessing vitamins, minerals and supplements marketed to children in canada.IJERPH. 2019;16(22):4326.

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