Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects both children and adults, causing difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity.
While there are variousapproaches to managing ADHD, including behavioral therapies and lifestyle changes, medication is often a key component of treatment plans.
This article provides an overview of the types of medications used to treat ADHD, their effectiveness, potential side effects, and other important considerations.
Types of ADHD Medications
There are two main categories of medications used to treat ADHD: stimulants and non-stimulants.
Examples of stimulant medications include:
Stimulants are available in both short-acting and long-acting formulations. Short-acting medications typically last for 4-6 hours, while long-acting formulations can provide symptom control for 8-12 hours.
- Non-stimulants
Non-stimulant medications are an alternative for individuals who do not respond well to stimulants or experience intolerable side effects. These medications work differently than stimulants, but still aim to improve attention and reduce impulsivity.
Examples of non-stimulant ADHD medications include:
Non-stimulants may take longer to show therapeutic effects compared to stimulants, often requiring several weeks of consistent use before improvements are noticed.
Some of the key differences between stimulants and non-stimulants for treatingsymptoms of ADHD.
Effectiveness of ADHD Medications
Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of both stimulant and non-stimulant medications in managing ADHD symptoms.
A systematic review and meta-analysisfound that the majority of studies showed a robust protective effect of ADHD medication treatment on mood disorders, suicidality, criminality, substance use disorders, accidents and injuries, traumatic brain injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and educational outcomes.
The meta-analyses also demonstrated a protective effect of medication treatment on academic outcomes, accidents and injuries, and mood disorders.
A meta-analysisof 34 randomized placebo-controlled trials found that stimulant medications had larger effect sizes than non-stimulants in reducing ADHD symptoms, improving functional impairments, and enhancing quality of life.
Effectiveness in Children and Adolescents
ADHD medication usehas markedly increasedin many countries, particularly among children aged 6-17.
A meta-analysisfound that stimulant medication, specifically improved functional and life quality benefits in children and adolescents.
A cross-sectional evaluationsuggests that ADHD medication was associated with fewer suicidal thoughts in children with substantial externalizing symptoms.
Studies have shownthat stimulant medications can improve ADHD core symptoms and ADHD-related emotion dysregulation in children and adolescents in the short term.
Potential Side Effects
As with any medication, ADHD treatments can cause side effects. Common side effects of stimulant medications include (Smithet al.2019):
Non-stimulant medications may cause side effects such as:
Most side effects are mild and tend to subside over time. However, if side effects persist or become severe, it is essential to inform the prescribing healthcare provider, as adjustments to the medication or dosage may be necessary.
Questions to Ask an ADHD Specialist
When considering ADHD medication, it’s essential to consult with an ADHD specialist or experienced psychiatrist. Here are some questions to ask during your appointment:
Is Medication Right for Me?
Deciding whether to take ADHD medication is a personal choice that should be made in collaboration with your healthcare provider. Consider the following factors when making your decision:
Remember, medication is not the only treatment option for ADHD, and it’s not a magic solution. It’s essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to find the most effective and well-tolerated treatment plan for your individual needs, which may include a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle modifications.
Considerations and Alternative Treatments
When exploring treatment options for ADHD, it’s essential to consider a holistic approach that addresses not only the core symptoms but also the overall well-being and quality of life of the individual.
While medication can be highly effective, it’s not the only path to managing ADHD. Psychotherapies such ascognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)should also be considered.
Likewise,self-help strategiescan be powerful tools in conjunction with or as an alternative to medication. These include:
While self-help strategies can be highly beneficial, it’s important to recognize that they may not be sufficient for everyone. If symptoms persist or significantly impact daily functioning, it’s crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional to explore additional treatment options, such as therapy, medication, or a combination of both.
Conclusion
Medication can be a highly effective tool in managing ADHD symptoms, helping individuals improve focus, impulse control, and overall functioning.
Stimulant medications are the most commonly prescribed treatments, but non-stimulant options are available for those who do not respond well to stimulants or experience intolerable side effects.
The effectiveness of ADHD medications has been well-established in both children and adolescents, with the majority of studies showing protective effects on various functional outcomes.
However, it is crucial to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most appropriate medication and dosage, and to monitor for potential side effects.
Medication should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan that may include behavioral therapies, educational support, and lifestyle modifications.
Remember, this article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for personalized guidance on managing ADHD.
References
Boland, H., DiSalvo, M., Fried, R., Woodworth, K. Y., Wilens, T., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2020). A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 21-30.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006
Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., … & Cipriani, A. (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 727-738.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4
Hennissen, L., Bakker, M. J., Banaschewski, T., Carucci, S., Coghill, D., Danckaerts, M., … & ADDUCE consortium. (2017). Cardiovascular effects of stimulant and non-stimulant medication for children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine.CNS drugs,31, 199-215.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0410-7
Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D. (2018). ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision.The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(2), 175-186.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30167-0
Shoval, G., Visoki, E., Moore, T. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Argabright, S. T., Huffnagle, N. J., … & Barzilay, R. (2021). Evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications, externalizing symptoms, and suicidality in children.JAMA network open,4(6), e2111342-e2111342. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11342
Vuori, M., Koski-Pirilä, A., Martikainen, J. E., & Saastamoinen, L. (2020). Gender- and age-stratified analyses of ADHD medication use in children and adolescents in Finland using population-based longitudinal data, 2008-2018.Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(3), 303-307.https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820901426
Further information
Guidelines for the Pharmacological Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Young People and Adults
ADHD Medications: A Guide For Healthcare Professionals
ADHD Medications Approved By The FDA: CHADD.org
Saul McLeod, PhD
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
