Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFreud’s TheoryTypesCausesExamplesWhy People Repeat TraumaTreatmentCoping
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Freud’s Theory
Types
Causes
Examples
Why People Repeat Trauma
Treatment
Coping
Close
Repetition compulsion involves repeatedly engaging in behaviors or seeking experiences that echo early life experiences, including past traumas.Despite the negative consequences that a person experiences, they continue to seek out reminders of their trauma.
Also known as trauma reenactment, repetition compulsion can take both symbolic and literal forms. In symbolic forms, it might involve having recurring dreams focused on subjects similar to the initial trauma. In other instances, it can involve literally repeating emotionally or physically painful situations that people have experienced in the past.
Repetition Compulsion According to Freud
Repetition compulsion was first described theSigmund Freud, the Austrian physician best known for the development ofpsychoanalysis. Based on his observations, Freud suggested that people possess adeath instinct, which is the unconscious force behind this drive to repeatedly seek out self-harm.
This tendency, Freud suggested, demonstrated howunconsciousinfluences can continue to shape behavior and well-being. Even though people are unaware of them, repressed memories and traumas continue to exert an influence on conscious behavior.
Types of Repetition Compulsion
Repetition compulsion can occur in a number of different ways. Some of the ways it may manifest include:
Causes of Repetition Compulsion
There is no single cause of repetition compulsion, however. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from a variety of different courses. Some of the other causes that have been suggested include:
People who have experienced abuse and trauma may have a higher risk of experiencing repetition compulsion. They are also more likely to experience other issues including interpersonal problems, poor self-esteem, and substance use problems.
No matter the cause, repetition compulsion can become a behavior pattern that significantly disrupts a person’s life. It can create distress, interfere with relationships, place people in harmful situations, or even lead to re-traumatization.
Examples of Repetition Compulsion
Examples of how repetition compulsion may show up in people’s lives include:
A few different theories have been proposed to attempt to explain just why people engage in this type of trauma reenactment.
Unconscious Expression of Trauma
One reason people may repeat trauma is as an unconscious expression of trauma. Freud noted that while the contents of the unconscious mind are outside of awareness, they continue to influence behavior and may be expressed through things such as dreams,slips of the tongue, and behaviors.
People who do not remember a repressed trauma may then be unconsciously driven to repeat the experience.
An Attempt to Achieve Mastery
Freud also suggested that people unconsciously seek out reminders of their trauma as a way to gainclosure. By re-experiencing the trauma, they are able to gain some type of mastery or resolution. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case, and instead, people find themselves stuck in a pattern of maladaptive behavior.
Linking the Past to the Present
Familiar Patterns
While some theories suggest that repetition compulsion helps people cope or deal with past trauma, some researchers have argued that it serves no purpose at all. Instead, repetition compulsion may simply occur because people are more likely to repeat familiar patterns.
Even if the behavior is unhealthy or destructive, it might be the only way a person knows to manage the situation.
Treatment for Repetition Compulsion
If you have noticed behaviors that might be related to repetition compulsion, there are things you can do to address the issue. It is a complex psychological issue, which means that it can be challenging to treat. It often requires different tactics to help address various parts of the behavior.
Psychotherapy can be beneficial and can help people process, integrate, and gain mastery of their experiences. Different techniques can be useful, including:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioral therapyis a form of therapy that address the faulty automatic thoughts that cause people to repeat maladaptive behavior. People learn how to identify these thought patterns and then develop new skills that allow them to replace negative thoughts with more helpful, realistic ones.
Psychodynamic Therapy
This form of therapy involves exploring past experiences to learn more about the unconscious or subconscious issues that might lead people to repeat harmful behavior patterns. This is a type of insight-based therapy that helps people to make connections between their past experiences and their current behavior.
Psychodynamic therapycan help people better understand their emotions, identify patterns, and improve interpersonal relationships. Research suggests that psychodynamic therapy can be as effective as CBT.
Trauma-Focused Group Therapy
If you have experience trauma, it can be helpful to get support from others who have had similar experiences and know what you are going through.Group therapymay help you process your experiences, gainsocial support, and find a safe space to talk about your feelings and experiences.Participation in group therapy is also a great way to learn new self-care and coping skills from others with lived experience.
Somatic Therapy
Somatic therapies are really important to process past trauma. They can be really helpful with nightmares, flashbacks, and to bring awareness to unconscious patterns.
Some somatic therapies: somatic experiencing, EMDR, brainspotting, and sensoriomotor psychotherapy.
Coping With Repetition Compulsion
There are also self-help strategies you can use to help cope with repetition compulsion. Utilizing relaxation techniques and mindfulness practices, for example, may make it easier to deal with feelings of stress and anxiety that contribute to repetition compulsion.
Some techniques that you might utilize include:
A Word From Verywell
Repetition compulsion is often linked to traumatic events that occur early in life, including abuse, neglect, or stressful situations. Such patterns are not always easy to recognize but can take a serious toll on your health and well-being. If you notice that you are repeating maladaptive patterns in your life, you might find it helpful to talk to a mental health professional. They can help you recognize the signs of repetition compulsion and help you work on developing healthier ways to cope.
9 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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