What Is Emotional Numbness?

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Emotional numbness is a state of being in which you are not feeling or expressing emotions.“Emotional numbing is the mental and emotional process of shutting outfeelingsand may be experienced as deficits of emotional responses or reactivity,” explainsMayra Mendez, PhD, LMFT, a licensedpsychotherapistand program coordinator at Providence Saint John’s Child and Family Development Center.Quite often, feeling numb is temporary. However, for some, emotional numbness becomes a strategy to protect themselves from further emotional or physical pain. While it may provide temporary relief, learning to cope with difficult feelings this way can have long-lasting consequences.Why Don’t I Care About Anything?Symptoms of Emotional NumbnessThe symptoms of emotional numbness include:Experiencing an inability to fully participate in lifeFailing to access your feelingsFeelingdistantordetachedfrom othersFeeling flat, both physically and emotionallyHaving difficulty with experiencingpositive feelingssuch ashappinessLosing interestin activities you used to enjoyPreferring isolation rather than being with othersPeople with emotional numbness might use strategies to resist confronting their emotions. Even if they’re doing it unconsciously, they might useavoidant behaviorsand steer clear of certain people or situations. They might be indenial, which is a common defense mechanism people use to avoid emotionaltriggersand negative feelings.Emotional Avoidance in PTSDCauses of Emotional NumbnessFeeling emotionally numb can happen as a result of physical or emotional pain. In an attempt to protect yourself from being hurt again, it’s not uncommon to disconnect, detach, or numb out feelings related to the situation.When this happens, you may feel temporary relief that allows you to move on. Over time, though, this protective shield can begin to get in the way of connecting with others and getting in touch with feelings that are both positive and negative.There are a variety of reasons you might feel numb.AnxietyPeople diagnosed withanxiety disordersmay experience emotional numbness as a response to extremely high stress levels, fear, or excessive worry. High levels of anxiety are linked with the avoidance of both positive and negative emotions.Alexithymia Might Be the Reason It’s Hard to Label Your EmotionsBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD)People withBPDmay experience periods of emotional detachment or numbness. It may feel as though their feelings are not their own.GriefWhencoping with death, a person may go through a period where they feel completely disconnected from their emotions.The 10 Best Online Grief Counseling Services We Tried and TestedDepressionDr. Mendez points out that people going throughdepressive episodesmay be less attuned to their feelings, or experience a dulling of emotions. “Higher levels of depression and mood dysregulation result in a greater propensity for emotional numbing,” she adds.Emotional DysregulationNumbness can be a part of emotional dysregulation and is often referred to as a form of dissociation, depersonalization, or derealization, which can occur with stress, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, and other conditions.MedicationsFeeling emotionally numb can be a side effect of some medications that treat depression and anxiety.If you’re taking anantidepressantand feeling emotionally numb, it’s essential to work closely with your doctor. They may choose to adjust your dosage or change the medication altogether.Looking for a Psychiatrist? Try One of These 9 Best Online Psychiatry ServicesMental or Emotional AbuseStudies show that people who wereemotionally abusedas children are more likely to experience emotional dysregulation, including emotional numbing, as adults.Overwhelming StressEmotional numbness can result fromhigh levels of stress. If you’re feeling burnt out, emotionally or physically exhausted, or overwhelmed, you might feel detached from your feelings.Physical AbusePeople who are physically abused may feel emotionally numb. Feeling numb can be a coping mechanism to avoid dealing with a dangerous and frightening situation.Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Some people will turn to emotional numbing as a way to manage emotional and physical pain. For people withPTSD, this can manifest as avoiding thoughts, feelings, or conversations relating to a traumatic event.The Best Online Trauma Therapy, Tried and TestedSchizophreniaPeople withschizophreniamay go through periods of time where they feel complete apathy or disinterest as well as emotional numbness or blunting.Substance MisusePeople who misuse substances like marijuana or cocaine can alter the brain’s reward system, making it harder to feel pleasure without the drug.Substance usecan produce a detachment from one’s emotions and an overall lack of motivation and interest.“While emotional numbing blocks or shuts down negative feelings and experiences,” Dr. Mendez says, “it also shuts down the ability to experience pleasure, positive interactions and social activities, andintimacy.“How to Overcome an AddictionTreatment for Emotional NumbnessThere are a variety of treatment options available that can help you reduce the extent to which you try to escape, disengage from, or avoid your emotions.Once you find a therapist or psychologist to work with, the first step in the treatment process is unpacking the cause of your emotional numbing. A therapist can help you determine the underlying cause of thetrauma, and come up with better ways to cope with overtaxing experiences and emotions.The primarygoal of psychotherapy, says Dr. Mendez, is to stimulate an understanding of the problem and expose viable and effective problem-solving alternatives.Psychotherapy may support the learning and the use ofemotion-focused problem-solving tools. You may learn to allow feelings to emerge and to process them in the safe environment of therapy.Mayra Mendez, PhD, LMFTLearning and practicing cognitive-behavioral strategies for managing stress, traumatic experiences, depression, and anxiety can help tame negative thoughts.Whichever therapy you choose, getting help can provide you with a safe place to express and approach your emotions so that you’re no longer feeling numb.Get Help NowWe’ve tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of thebest online therapy programsincluding Talkspace, Betterhelp, and Regain. Find out which option is the best for you.Cognitive Behavioral TherapyCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)gives you the opportunity to express and understand your emotions, as well as examine the sources of those emotional responses. It addresses how certain thoughts may be contributing to your emotions.Rather than avoiding or using maladaptive coping tools (such as numbing), CBT strategies aim to empower you to shift from thoughts of powerlessness to beliefs of strength and emotional competence.We Tried 100+ Therapy Services and Apps—And These Are the 8 Best for Online CBTAcceptance and Commitment TherapyAcceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)is another form of behavior therapy that is often used with PTSD and other mental health issues that have emotional numbness and avoidance as symptoms.ACT uses a mindfulness-based approach to help you recognize ways in which you attempt to suppress or control emotional experiences. The goal of ACT is to help you experience your inner feelings while focusing attention on living a meaningful life.Coping With Emotional NumbnessIn addition to psychotherapy, your doctor or therapist may recommend several lifestyle modifications to help relieve some of the symptoms of emotional numbness, and hopefully, prevent more episodes from happening in the future.While it may take a bit of trial and error, the key to the success of lifestyle modifications is to find what works best for you. Here are a few ideas you can try on your own.Develop a Support SystemWhile reaching out to others may seem difficult at first, seekingsocial supportfrom friends and family that you trust may help provide a safe way to express your emotions.Engage in Physical ActivityStayingphysically activeand engaging in exercises that you enjoy not only benefits your health, but it can also reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety.Try to include some form of exercise or physical activity most days of the week.Get Adequate RestBoth the quality of sleep and the amount of rest are critical to managing the symptoms of any physical, emotional, or mental health issue.Insufficient sleep can make coping with the stressors of life more challenging.Whilewaking up during the nightis common when dealing with PTSD, depression, anxiety, or any other trauma, try to get seven or more hours of sleep each night, which is the recommended amount for adults.Minimize StressBoth daily stressors and overwhelming stress are major contributors to emotional numbness. Finding ways to bettermanage stressis key to addressing the avoidance of emotions and feelings.Try managing your schedule, being sure to make time for activities that you enjoy.Practice deep breathing, which can help provide almost immediate relaxation. Eat a nutritious diet.It’s also important to note that while some use drugs and alcohol to cope with stress, substances can contribute to greater stress levels. If you are struggling with substance use, talk to a doctor. They may recommend you attend counseling or a support group for additional support.5 Types of Self-Care for Every Area of Your LifeUse Mindfulness Strategies"Mindfulness strategiesmay be particularly helpful in reducing emotional numbing and increasing emotional strength and competence to manage stressful experiences,” says Dr. Mendez.Engaging in relaxation exercises, particularlybody awareness exercises, says Dr. Mendez, can be very helpful for awakening sensations, feelings, and regulation of emotions.If you or a loved one are struggling with a mental health condition, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.TakeawaysSo, is it possible to be comfortably numb? Let’s break it down. Comfort implies a feeling of being at ease and a sense of contentedness; whereas, numbness can feel detached, indifferent, lonely, empty, and dead. Even though emotional numbness may come as a natural response to stress and trauma, it is only meant to be temporary to help us through difficult times that exceed our ability to cope. In the long run, if we don’t re-engage with our own feelings, it leads to further distress and dysfunction in our lives.Learning new ways to cope with traumatic events, overwhelming stress, depression, anxiety, or any other serious life event is possible. Reaching out to a doctor is the first step to addressing emotional numbing. They can help you find a mental health professional trained in these areas.By forming a support network with a doctor, mental health expert, and close family and friends, you can begin to change how you deal with trauma and learn to feel and experience your emotions, instead of feeling numb.What It Means to Feel “Dead Inside”

Emotional numbness is a state of being in which you are not feeling or expressing emotions.

“Emotional numbing is the mental and emotional process of shutting outfeelingsand may be experienced as deficits of emotional responses or reactivity,” explainsMayra Mendez, PhD, LMFT, a licensedpsychotherapistand program coordinator at Providence Saint John’s Child and Family Development Center.

Quite often, feeling numb is temporary. However, for some, emotional numbness becomes a strategy to protect themselves from further emotional or physical pain. While it may provide temporary relief, learning to cope with difficult feelings this way can have long-lasting consequences.

Why Don’t I Care About Anything?

Symptoms of Emotional Numbness

The symptoms of emotional numbness include:

People with emotional numbness might use strategies to resist confronting their emotions. Even if they’re doing it unconsciously, they might useavoidant behaviorsand steer clear of certain people or situations. They might be indenial, which is a common defense mechanism people use to avoid emotionaltriggersand negative feelings.

Emotional Avoidance in PTSD

Causes of Emotional Numbness

Feeling emotionally numb can happen as a result of physical or emotional pain. In an attempt to protect yourself from being hurt again, it’s not uncommon to disconnect, detach, or numb out feelings related to the situation.

When this happens, you may feel temporary relief that allows you to move on. Over time, though, this protective shield can begin to get in the way of connecting with others and getting in touch with feelings that are both positive and negative.

There are a variety of reasons you might feel numb.

Anxiety

People diagnosed withanxiety disordersmay experience emotional numbness as a response to extremely high stress levels, fear, or excessive worry. High levels of anxiety are linked with the avoidance of both positive and negative emotions.

Alexithymia Might Be the Reason It’s Hard to Label Your Emotions

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

People withBPDmay experience periods of emotional detachment or numbness. It may feel as though their feelings are not their own.

Grief

Whencoping with death, a person may go through a period where they feel completely disconnected from their emotions.

The 10 Best Online Grief Counseling Services We Tried and Tested

Depression

Dr. Mendez points out that people going throughdepressive episodesmay be less attuned to their feelings, or experience a dulling of emotions. “Higher levels of depression and mood dysregulation result in a greater propensity for emotional numbing,” she adds.

Emotional Dysregulation

Numbness can be a part of emotional dysregulation and is often referred to as a form of dissociation, depersonalization, or derealization, which can occur with stress, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, and other conditions.

Medications

Feeling emotionally numb can be a side effect of some medications that treat depression and anxiety.If you’re taking anantidepressantand feeling emotionally numb, it’s essential to work closely with your doctor. They may choose to adjust your dosage or change the medication altogether.

Looking for a Psychiatrist? Try One of These 9 Best Online Psychiatry Services

Mental or Emotional Abuse

Studies show that people who wereemotionally abusedas children are more likely to experience emotional dysregulation, including emotional numbing, as adults.

Overwhelming Stress

Emotional numbness can result fromhigh levels of stress. If you’re feeling burnt out, emotionally or physically exhausted, or overwhelmed, you might feel detached from your feelings.

Physical Abuse

People who are physically abused may feel emotionally numb. Feeling numb can be a coping mechanism to avoid dealing with a dangerous and frightening situation.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Some people will turn to emotional numbing as a way to manage emotional and physical pain. For people withPTSD, this can manifest as avoiding thoughts, feelings, or conversations relating to a traumatic event.

The Best Online Trauma Therapy, Tried and Tested

Schizophrenia

People withschizophreniamay go through periods of time where they feel complete apathy or disinterest as well as emotional numbness or blunting.

Substance Misuse

People who misuse substances like marijuana or cocaine can alter the brain’s reward system, making it harder to feel pleasure without the drug.Substance usecan produce a detachment from one’s emotions and an overall lack of motivation and interest.

“While emotional numbing blocks or shuts down negative feelings and experiences,” Dr. Mendez says, “it also shuts down the ability to experience pleasure, positive interactions and social activities, andintimacy.”

How to Overcome an Addiction

Treatment for Emotional Numbness

There are a variety of treatment options available that can help you reduce the extent to which you try to escape, disengage from, or avoid your emotions.

Once you find a therapist or psychologist to work with, the first step in the treatment process is unpacking the cause of your emotional numbing. A therapist can help you determine the underlying cause of thetrauma, and come up with better ways to cope with overtaxing experiences and emotions.

The primarygoal of psychotherapy, says Dr. Mendez, is to stimulate an understanding of the problem and expose viable and effective problem-solving alternatives.

Psychotherapy may support the learning and the use ofemotion-focused problem-solving tools. You may learn to allow feelings to emerge and to process them in the safe environment of therapy.

Mayra Mendez, PhD, LMFTLearning and practicing cognitive-behavioral strategies for managing stress, traumatic experiences, depression, and anxiety can help tame negative thoughts.

Mayra Mendez, PhD, LMFT

Learning and practicing cognitive-behavioral strategies for managing stress, traumatic experiences, depression, and anxiety can help tame negative thoughts.

Whichever therapy you choose, getting help can provide you with a safe place to express and approach your emotions so that you’re no longer feeling numb.

Get Help NowWe’ve tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of thebest online therapy programsincluding Talkspace, Betterhelp, and Regain. Find out which option is the best for you.

Get Help Now

We’ve tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of thebest online therapy programsincluding Talkspace, Betterhelp, and Regain. Find out which option is the best for you.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)gives you the opportunity to express and understand your emotions, as well as examine the sources of those emotional responses. It addresses how certain thoughts may be contributing to your emotions.

Rather than avoiding or using maladaptive coping tools (such as numbing), CBT strategies aim to empower you to shift from thoughts of powerlessness to beliefs of strength and emotional competence.

We Tried 100+ Therapy Services and Apps—And These Are the 8 Best for Online CBT

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)is another form of behavior therapy that is often used with PTSD and other mental health issues that have emotional numbness and avoidance as symptoms.

ACT uses a mindfulness-based approach to help you recognize ways in which you attempt to suppress or control emotional experiences. The goal of ACT is to help you experience your inner feelings while focusing attention on living a meaningful life.

Coping With Emotional Numbness

In addition to psychotherapy, your doctor or therapist may recommend several lifestyle modifications to help relieve some of the symptoms of emotional numbness, and hopefully, prevent more episodes from happening in the future.

While it may take a bit of trial and error, the key to the success of lifestyle modifications is to find what works best for you. Here are a few ideas you can try on your own.

Develop a Support System

While reaching out to others may seem difficult at first, seekingsocial supportfrom friends and family that you trust may help provide a safe way to express your emotions.

Engage in Physical Activity

Stayingphysically activeand engaging in exercises that you enjoy not only benefits your health, but it can also reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety.Try to include some form of exercise or physical activity most days of the week.

Get Adequate Rest

Both the quality of sleep and the amount of rest are critical to managing the symptoms of any physical, emotional, or mental health issue.Insufficient sleep can make coping with the stressors of life more challenging.

Whilewaking up during the nightis common when dealing with PTSD, depression, anxiety, or any other trauma, try to get seven or more hours of sleep each night, which is the recommended amount for adults.

Minimize Stress

Both daily stressors and overwhelming stress are major contributors to emotional numbness. Finding ways to bettermanage stressis key to addressing the avoidance of emotions and feelings.

Try managing your schedule, being sure to make time for activities that you enjoy.Practice deep breathing, which can help provide almost immediate relaxation. Eat a nutritious diet.

It’s also important to note that while some use drugs and alcohol to cope with stress, substances can contribute to greater stress levels. If you are struggling with substance use, talk to a doctor. They may recommend you attend counseling or a support group for additional support.

5 Types of Self-Care for Every Area of Your Life

Use Mindfulness Strategies

“Mindfulness strategiesmay be particularly helpful in reducing emotional numbing and increasing emotional strength and competence to manage stressful experiences,” says Dr. Mendez.

Engaging in relaxation exercises, particularlybody awareness exercises, says Dr. Mendez, can be very helpful for awakening sensations, feelings, and regulation of emotions.

If you or a loved one are struggling with a mental health condition, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you or a loved one are struggling with a mental health condition, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Takeaways

So, is it possible to be comfortably numb? Let’s break it down. Comfort implies a feeling of being at ease and a sense of contentedness; whereas, numbness can feel detached, indifferent, lonely, empty, and dead. Even though emotional numbness may come as a natural response to stress and trauma, it is only meant to be temporary to help us through difficult times that exceed our ability to cope. In the long run, if we don’t re-engage with our own feelings, it leads to further distress and dysfunction in our lives.

Learning new ways to cope with traumatic events, overwhelming stress, depression, anxiety, or any other serious life event is possible. Reaching out to a doctor is the first step to addressing emotional numbing. They can help you find a mental health professional trained in these areas.

By forming a support network with a doctor, mental health expert, and close family and friends, you can begin to change how you deal with trauma and learn to feel and experience your emotions, instead of feeling numb.

What It Means to Feel “Dead Inside”

16 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Chaplo SD, Modrowski CA, McGee AB.Numbing of positive, negative, and general emotions: Associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms among justice-involved youth.Journal of Traumatic Stress.2016;29(2):111-119. doi:10.1002/jts.22087Fujiwara T, Mizuki R, Miki T, Chemtob C.Association between facial expression and PTSD symptoms among young children exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake: A pilot study.Front Psychol.2015;6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01534Tull MT, Gratz KL, Salters K, Roemer L.The role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):754-761. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S.Emotional processes in borderline personality disorder: An update for clinical practice.J Psychother Integr. 2017;27(4):425-438. doi:10.1037/int0000044Shear MK.Grief and mourning gone awry: Pathway and course of complicated grief.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(2):119-128. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mshearU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD.Avoidance.Dvir Y, Ford JD, Hill M, Frazier JA.Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities.Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(3):149-161. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014Weilenmann S, Schnyder U, Parkinson B, Corda C, von Känel R, Pfaltz MC.Emotion transfer, emotion regulation, and empathy-related processes in physician-patient interactions and their association with physician well-being: A theoretical model.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:389. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00389U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Effects of violence against women.Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Roberts NP.Post-traumatic stress disorder.BMJ. 2015:h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.Negative symptoms in schizophrenia - An overview.Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):51-56. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000966National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drugs and the brain.American Psychological Association.What is cognitive behavioral therapy?National Alliance on Mental Illness.Managing stress.Alexander W.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: Focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic agents.P T. 2012;37(1):32-38.Scott AJ, Webb TL, Rowse G.Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A protocol for a meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016873. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016873

16 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Chaplo SD, Modrowski CA, McGee AB.Numbing of positive, negative, and general emotions: Associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms among justice-involved youth.Journal of Traumatic Stress.2016;29(2):111-119. doi:10.1002/jts.22087Fujiwara T, Mizuki R, Miki T, Chemtob C.Association between facial expression and PTSD symptoms among young children exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake: A pilot study.Front Psychol.2015;6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01534Tull MT, Gratz KL, Salters K, Roemer L.The role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):754-761. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S.Emotional processes in borderline personality disorder: An update for clinical practice.J Psychother Integr. 2017;27(4):425-438. doi:10.1037/int0000044Shear MK.Grief and mourning gone awry: Pathway and course of complicated grief.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(2):119-128. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mshearU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD.Avoidance.Dvir Y, Ford JD, Hill M, Frazier JA.Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities.Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(3):149-161. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014Weilenmann S, Schnyder U, Parkinson B, Corda C, von Känel R, Pfaltz MC.Emotion transfer, emotion regulation, and empathy-related processes in physician-patient interactions and their association with physician well-being: A theoretical model.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:389. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00389U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Effects of violence against women.Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Roberts NP.Post-traumatic stress disorder.BMJ. 2015:h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.Negative symptoms in schizophrenia - An overview.Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):51-56. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000966National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drugs and the brain.American Psychological Association.What is cognitive behavioral therapy?National Alliance on Mental Illness.Managing stress.Alexander W.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: Focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic agents.P T. 2012;37(1):32-38.Scott AJ, Webb TL, Rowse G.Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A protocol for a meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016873. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016873

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Chaplo SD, Modrowski CA, McGee AB.Numbing of positive, negative, and general emotions: Associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms among justice-involved youth.Journal of Traumatic Stress.2016;29(2):111-119. doi:10.1002/jts.22087Fujiwara T, Mizuki R, Miki T, Chemtob C.Association between facial expression and PTSD symptoms among young children exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake: A pilot study.Front Psychol.2015;6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01534Tull MT, Gratz KL, Salters K, Roemer L.The role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):754-761. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S.Emotional processes in borderline personality disorder: An update for clinical practice.J Psychother Integr. 2017;27(4):425-438. doi:10.1037/int0000044Shear MK.Grief and mourning gone awry: Pathway and course of complicated grief.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(2):119-128. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mshearU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD.Avoidance.Dvir Y, Ford JD, Hill M, Frazier JA.Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities.Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(3):149-161. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014Weilenmann S, Schnyder U, Parkinson B, Corda C, von Känel R, Pfaltz MC.Emotion transfer, emotion regulation, and empathy-related processes in physician-patient interactions and their association with physician well-being: A theoretical model.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:389. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00389U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Effects of violence against women.Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Roberts NP.Post-traumatic stress disorder.BMJ. 2015:h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.Negative symptoms in schizophrenia - An overview.Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):51-56. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000966National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drugs and the brain.American Psychological Association.What is cognitive behavioral therapy?National Alliance on Mental Illness.Managing stress.Alexander W.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: Focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic agents.P T. 2012;37(1):32-38.Scott AJ, Webb TL, Rowse G.Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A protocol for a meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016873. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016873

Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Chaplo SD, Modrowski CA, McGee AB.Numbing of positive, negative, and general emotions: Associations with trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms among justice-involved youth.Journal of Traumatic Stress.2016;29(2):111-119. doi:10.1002/jts.22087

Fujiwara T, Mizuki R, Miki T, Chemtob C.Association between facial expression and PTSD symptoms among young children exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake: A pilot study.Front Psychol.2015;6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01534

Tull MT, Gratz KL, Salters K, Roemer L.The role of experiential avoidance in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization.J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(11):754-761. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89

Dixon-Gordon KL, Peters JR, Fertuck EA, Yen S.Emotional processes in borderline personality disorder: An update for clinical practice.J Psychother Integr. 2017;27(4):425-438. doi:10.1037/int0000044

Shear MK.Grief and mourning gone awry: Pathway and course of complicated grief.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(2):119-128. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/mshear

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD.Avoidance.

Dvir Y, Ford JD, Hill M, Frazier JA.Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities.Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(3):149-161. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014

Weilenmann S, Schnyder U, Parkinson B, Corda C, von Känel R, Pfaltz MC.Emotion transfer, emotion regulation, and empathy-related processes in physician-patient interactions and their association with physician well-being: A theoretical model.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:389. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00389

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Effects of violence against women.

Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Roberts NP.Post-traumatic stress disorder.BMJ. 2015:h6161. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161

Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M.Negative symptoms in schizophrenia - An overview.Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):51-56. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000966

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drugs and the brain.

American Psychological Association.What is cognitive behavioral therapy?

National Alliance on Mental Illness.Managing stress.

Alexander W.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: Focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic agents.P T. 2012;37(1):32-38.

Scott AJ, Webb TL, Rowse G.Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A protocol for a meta-analytic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016873. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016873

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