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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is aneurodevelopmental condition. Otherwise known asdyspraxia, this disorder affects the development of motor skills and functions. It is a common challenge, affecting around 6% of children who are between five and 11 years old.
A child with dyspraxia is often regarded as clumsy, and may experience difficulty with movement. This disorder prevents fluidity in activities like walking and holding objects, as expected of the child’s age group. Such difficulties may continue well into adolescence and adulthood.
This guide will examine the signs and symptoms of developmental coordination disorder. To understand the origins of dyspraxia, the causes of this condition will be explored. We will also examine the different types, and management options available to control the effects of DCD.
Symptoms of Developmental Coordination Disorder
Aspart of their development, children learn a number of skills that are important for independent living. Among these are fine and gross motor skills. The former is responsible for minor movements such as picking things up, holding items, drawing, etc. Fine motor skills typically employ small muscles in the hands, wrist, fingers, feet, and toes—these skills determine our ability to pick things up, and write carefully.
Gross motor skills require large muscle movements. These are required for walking, crawling, running, or sitting independently.When children begin to exhibit difficulty with fine or gross motor functions, it can suggest developmental coordination disorder.
The following are signs that may indicate dyspraxia in children:
Developmental coordination problems may be associated with other developmental issues such aschallenges with social interactionsand can show signs of poor short-term memory.This disorder may not affect intellect, as average and above-average intelligence levels occur with dyspraxia.However, people with this condition may behave immaturely.
What Is Developmental Coordination Disorder?
Causes of Developmental Coordination Disorder
Despite an increase in dyspraxia research, there is yet to be a conclusive agreement on the causes of this condition. One suggestion claims that children with dyspraxia experience challenges with thecerebellum—a part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination.
Some experimental research suggests that children have difficulty making motor behaviors automatic.Another theory suggests difficulties in planning and completing motor tasks as a cause of DCD.
However, while there is yet to be a consensus, certain risk factors like premature births and low birth weight may increase the odds of dyspraxia. Research also suggests that postnatal exposure to steroids can be responsible for a child’s difficulties with motor coordination. Other studies identify a greater risk for obesity in children with DCD.
Boys May Be More Likely to Have DCD
Diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder
An accurate diagnosis of dyspraxia requires the expertise of professionals. According to theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the following are the criteria used when confirming a case of this condition:
Treatment of Developmental Coordination Disorder
Beyond awkward movements and clumsy coordination, there are other consequences that follow life with developmental coordination disorder. This condition can lead to compromised physical well-being, obesity, hypermobility of the joints, andmental health challenges.
But despite its impact on everyday life, dyspraxia is a disorder that can be managed with the right treatment methods. Management techniques may be task-based or process-oriented. Other approaches include physical therapy and medication.
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A Word From Verywell
When a child experiences delays in development, it can be very challenging for their well-being. Likewise, it can be difficult for parents and loved ones that witness these issues firsthand. Developmental coordination disorder is, however, manageable with the right treatment methods and therapies. Before deciding on a management approach, it’s important to speak with an expert. These experts can provide a correct diagnosis and advice on the next steps to take.
9 Sources
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Offor N, Ossom Williamson P, Caçola P.Effectiveness of Interventions for Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder in Physical Therapy Contexts: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.J Mot Learn Dev. 2016;4(2):169-196. doi:10.1123/jmld.2015-0018
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