Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsThe Big FiveCharacteristicsSignsPrevalenceImpactWhat Causes Conscientiousness?Pros and ConsHow to Increase
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
The Big Five
Characteristics
Signs
Prevalence
Impact
What Causes Conscientiousness?
Pros and Cons
How to Increase
Close
Conscientiousness is a core personality trait that involves being diligent, responsible, and careful. When someone is conscientious, they are able to exerciseself-disciplineand self-control in order to pursue and ultimately achieve their goals.
People with high conscientiousness are also organized, determined, and able to postpone immediate gratification—all of which contribute to amore successful life.
At a GlanceIf you’ve taken apersonality testand scored high in conscientiousness, you may be wondering what this means for you. People who are high in conscientiousness tend to be very responsible, goal-directed, organized, and responsible. They make decisions carefully, are high-achieving, and stick to their commitments.Conscientiousness is a continuum; you might be high, low, or somewhere in the middle. If you want to become more conscientious,setting goalsand getting organized can help.
At a Glance
If you’ve taken apersonality testand scored high in conscientiousness, you may be wondering what this means for you. People who are high in conscientiousness tend to be very responsible, goal-directed, organized, and responsible. They make decisions carefully, are high-achieving, and stick to their commitments.Conscientiousness is a continuum; you might be high, low, or somewhere in the middle. If you want to become more conscientious,setting goalsand getting organized can help.
If you’ve taken apersonality testand scored high in conscientiousness, you may be wondering what this means for you. People who are high in conscientiousness tend to be very responsible, goal-directed, organized, and responsible. They make decisions carefully, are high-achieving, and stick to their commitments.
Conscientiousness is a continuum; you might be high, low, or somewhere in the middle. If you want to become more conscientious,setting goalsand getting organized can help.
Conscientiousness As a Big Five Personality Trait
Many psychologists believe that while there are thousands of different personality traits, they all fall into one of five basic categories.These are known as theBig Five personality traits:
Psychologists often use the acronym OCEAN when referring to the Big Five.
If you score high in conscientiousness, that doesn’t mean that you won’t find other aspects of the Big Five within your personality. Each trait is viewed on a continuum. You can be high, low, or somewhere in the middle when it comes to each trait.
In other words, even though you may be dominant in conscientiousness, you will still have some level of the other four traits represented. The Big Five is a useful tool for understanding personality and is also helpful in identifyinghow people respondto different scenarios or stressors in their lives.
Other Traits You May HaveBeing conscientious may also mean that you are higher in some other Big 5 personality traits. One study found that conscientious people tend to be more empathetic and score higher on agreeableness. They also tend to score lower on measures of neuroticism.
Other Traits You May Have
Being conscientious may also mean that you are higher in some other Big 5 personality traits. One study found that conscientious people tend to be more empathetic and score higher on agreeableness. They also tend to score lower on measures of neuroticism.
Common Characteristics of Conscientiousness
While some people are more likely to choose what feels good right now, conscientious people tend to work diligently toachieve goalsthey’ve set for their future. They are responsible, reliable, organized, and hard-working. They also pay attention to detail to make sure they deliver on their promises.
Someone who is conscientious will rarely make impulsive or careless decisions. Instead, theirdecision-making styletends to be more rational and dependent (requiring support or guidance from others) and less spontaneous.
Words often used to describe a conscientious person include:
How do highly conscientious people act?They tend to plan carefully and are considerate of other people’s time. They follow up on their commitments and stick to their goals.
How do highly conscientious people act?
They tend to plan carefully and are considerate of other people’s time. They follow up on their commitments and stick to their goals.
Conversely, people who are low in conscientiousness tend to prioritize having fun in the moment. They are often described as casual, laid-back, and relaxed. They are less likely to follow schedules and aren’t prone to extensive planning.
Signs of Conscientiousness
If you are a conscientious person, there are some common behaviors that you are likely to witness in your life. You might say about yourself:
How Prevalent Is Conscientiousness?
When it comes to determining conscientiousness (and the other four traits in the Big Five), most people complete aself-report questionnaire. These inventories usually contain statements in which test-takers must decide to what extent they agree or disagree.
Because conscientiousness is measured through self-inventory, it’s difficult to determine its prevalence within the general public. It is not a diagnosis, but simply an aspect of personality that helps people better understand why they do the things they do.
What’s more, each person has some level of conscientiousness that exists along a continuum.
So, people can be very high in conscientiousness, very low, or somewhere in between. This makes the act of measuring this personality trait and understanding its prevalence even more complex.
The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology
How Conscientiousness Influences Behavior
When someone tests high in conscientiousness, they are likely very dependable and organized. They also tend to be able tocontrol their impulses. Within the trait of conscientiousness, there are six facets or sub-traits that further describe personality.
Achievement-Oriented
People who score high in conscientiousness tend to be high achievers—in school,at work,and even when playing sports.They are always striving for excellence in everything they do. Consequently, they are often extremely ambitious and tend to have lofty goals.
Meanwhile, those that score lower in conscientiousness may sometimes be viewed aslazy. They may be more content with doing minimal work or skimping on their responsibilities.
Cautious
If someone scores high in conscientiousness, they are likely to carefully consider all the facts beforemaking decisions. They tend to think most things through and consider the consequences before finally acting.
Conscientious people often analyze situations and weigh the pros and cons before moving forward. People with low scores, on the other hand, tend to beimpulsiveand take greater risks.
Dutiful
When someone scores high in conscientiousness, they are typically a very reliable person with a strong sense of duty andmoral obligation. They honor their commitments and follow through on their promises. Leaders with this trait have higher ratings in integrity and accountability.
People who score low in conscientiousness tend to view rules and regulations as restricting, limiting, and confining. They may not feel responsible for anyone other than themselves. Consequently, low scorers may be viewed as irresponsible and insubordinate.
Orderly
Typically, when someone is high in conscientiousness, they are highly organized and thrive with schedules androutines. They may enjoy list-making and are often punctual with their time.
Many times, people with this trait will describe themselves as self-starters who are both orderly and neat. Conversely, someone low in conscientiousness may appear more disorganized or feel scatterbrained.
Self-Disciplined
People scoring high in conscientiousness are often very self-disciplined. They tend to persevere even when things get difficult or unpleasant. Some refer to this as having grit, which is closely connected to conscientiousness and self-discipline.
What’s more, a conscientious person is able tostay focusedand stick to the task at hand, even when faced with multiple distractions.
Low conscientiousness, however, may lead to the failure to complete tasks, especially if they are perceived as being too difficult.
Prone to Self-Efficacy
When someone scores high in conscientiousness, they often have highself-efficacy. Self-efficacy means having complete confidence in their ability to reach their goals and be successful. They tend to believe in themselves and their abilities and have a great deal of ambition to see things through to the end.
Conversely, people who score low in conscientiousness tend to feel ineffective. They also often believe that they haveno controlover their lives.
Like other personality traits, research suggests both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of conscientiousness.
One study indicated that between 54% and 59% of the differences in people’s conscientiousness are attributable to genetic factors.
Other factors that may impact how conscientiousness develops and is expressed include parenting styles, education, upbringing, life experiences, and age.
Research has shown that some aspects of conscientiousness tend to change at different periods of development. Conscientiousness tends to be lower in younger people but increases during adulthood.
Pros and Cons of Conscientiousness
Like all personality traits, there are pros and cons to conscientiousness. It often depends on the context and how this trait interacts with other characteristics of the individual and the situation.
The Upsides of Conscientiousness
Multiple studies have shown that being conscientious is associated with better health.This may be because people who score high in conscientiousness tend to engage in lower-risk health behaviors. For example, studies indicate that the higher one’s level of conscientiousness, the lower their rate ofsubstance use.
Other research-supported benefits of being conscientious include:
Potential Downsides of Conscientiousness
Even so, there are some potential downsides to scoring high in this personality trait. For instance, people who are conscientious can become too serious. Therefore, they may need some help lightening up and having fun.
A highly conscientious person can also become overly rigid or inflexible and struggle to be spontaneous. In extreme cases, they may struggle withperfectionismandobsessive-compulsive disorder.
While people low in conscientiousness are sometimes viewed as irresponsible and unpredictable, they also are more likely to step outside of the box and may respond well to last-minute demands. This can be a benefit in situations that require creativity or an immediate response.
Ways to Increase Conscientiousness
Do you wish you had more of this personality trait? The good news is that you can change your level of conscientiousness—even if you’re struggling to do so motivationally.You might try these strategies:
Avoid Procrastination
Find strategies to help you deal withprocrastination. Instead of putting things off until later,take care of them when they first arise. This keeps your to-do list from getting too long while also helping you work on your self-control.
Consider Decisions Carefully
You may be tempted to act on a decision quickly when faced with it. However, take the time to consider your options if you can. This can stop you from being impulsive, helping you act more cautiously.
Create a Weekly Schedule
Take time once a week to plan the following week. Put scheduled events on your calendar and note the tasks that you want to get done each day.
Get Organized
Look for ways that you can becomemore organized. File paperwork away, clean your closets, and organize your drawers. Come up with a place for all your things and get rid of the items you don’t need.
Set Goals
Conscientious people are goal-oriented. So, take the time to set goals for yourself. Next, develop a plan for meeting them.
Slow Down
If you are low in conscientiousness, you may have a tendency to skip the smaller details. Slow yourself down when you’re tempted to do this, payingcloser attentionto whatever it is you’re working on.
Press Play for Advice On Dealing With Decision FatigueThis episode ofThe Verywell Mind Podcastshares how to manage feelings of decision fatigue and how you can avoid it. Click below to listen now.
Press Play for Advice On Dealing With Decision Fatigue
This episode ofThe Verywell Mind Podcastshares how to manage feelings of decision fatigue and how you can avoid it. Click below to listen now.
Takeaway
Even though you may have scored high in conscientiousness, it’s important to remember that this personality trait is just one part of your overall personality. You still have other traits that help round you out.
While understanding conscientiousness may help you know why you do what you do, it is not your only defining trait. Typically, your personality will contain some level of all five traits, so stay open to exploring all of its dimensions.
17 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Jackson JJ, Hill PL.Lifespan development of conscientiousness.Handbook of Personality Development.Marsh HW, Nagengast B, Morin AJS.Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects.Dev Psychol.2013;49(6):1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913Soutter A, Bates T, Mõttus R.Big five and HEXACO personality traits, proenvironmental attitudes, and behaviors: A meta-analysis.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(4):913-941. doi:10.1177/1745691620903019Wan Q, Jiang L, Zeng Y, Wu X.A big-five personality model-based study of empathy behaviors in clinical nurses.Nurse Education in Practice. 2019;38:66-71. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.06.005Othman R, Othman R, Hallit R, Obeid S, Hallit S.Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students.BMC Psychol. 2020;8:46. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00406-4Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X, Luo K, Gong Q.Brain structure links trait conscientiousness to academic performance.Sci Rep. 2019;9:12168. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48704-1Huo ML, Jiang Z.Trait conscientiousness, thriving at work, career satisfaction and job satisfaction: Can supervisor support make a difference?.Personal Individ Diff. 2021;183:111116. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111116Tedesqui R, Young B.How coaches see conscientiousness-related traits and their impact on athletes' training and expertise development.Int Sport Coach J. 2020;7(2):127-138. doi:10.1123/iscj.2018-0074Nei K, Foster J, Ness A, Nei D.Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders.Int J Select Assess. 2018;26(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12201Schmidt F, Nagy G, Fleckenstein J, Möller J, Retelsdorf J.Same same, but different? Relations between facets of conscientiousness and grit.Eur J Personal. 2018;32(6):705-720. doi:10.1002/per.2171Takahashi Y, Zheng A, Yamagata S, Ando J.Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3205. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82781-5Chopik WJ.Age differences in conscientiousness facets in the second half of life: Divergent associations with changes in physical health.Personality and Individual Differences. 2016;96:202-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.076Sutin A, Stephan Y, Terracciano A.Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status.Psychol Health. 2018;33(9):1100-1115. doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165Turiano N, Whiteman S, Hampson S, Roberts B, Mroczek D.Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change.J Res Pers. 2012;46(3):295-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.009Denissen JJA, Bleidorn W, Hennecke M, et al.Uncovering the power of personality to shape income.Psychol Sci. 2018;29(1):3-13. doi:10.1177/0956797617724435Topino E, Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Gori A.Personality traits, workers' age, and job satisfaction: The moderated effect of conscientiousness.PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0252275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252275Hudson N.Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change?.J Res Pers. 2021;95:104160. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104160
17 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Jackson JJ, Hill PL.Lifespan development of conscientiousness.Handbook of Personality Development.Marsh HW, Nagengast B, Morin AJS.Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects.Dev Psychol.2013;49(6):1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913Soutter A, Bates T, Mõttus R.Big five and HEXACO personality traits, proenvironmental attitudes, and behaviors: A meta-analysis.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(4):913-941. doi:10.1177/1745691620903019Wan Q, Jiang L, Zeng Y, Wu X.A big-five personality model-based study of empathy behaviors in clinical nurses.Nurse Education in Practice. 2019;38:66-71. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.06.005Othman R, Othman R, Hallit R, Obeid S, Hallit S.Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students.BMC Psychol. 2020;8:46. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00406-4Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X, Luo K, Gong Q.Brain structure links trait conscientiousness to academic performance.Sci Rep. 2019;9:12168. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48704-1Huo ML, Jiang Z.Trait conscientiousness, thriving at work, career satisfaction and job satisfaction: Can supervisor support make a difference?.Personal Individ Diff. 2021;183:111116. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111116Tedesqui R, Young B.How coaches see conscientiousness-related traits and their impact on athletes' training and expertise development.Int Sport Coach J. 2020;7(2):127-138. doi:10.1123/iscj.2018-0074Nei K, Foster J, Ness A, Nei D.Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders.Int J Select Assess. 2018;26(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12201Schmidt F, Nagy G, Fleckenstein J, Möller J, Retelsdorf J.Same same, but different? Relations between facets of conscientiousness and grit.Eur J Personal. 2018;32(6):705-720. doi:10.1002/per.2171Takahashi Y, Zheng A, Yamagata S, Ando J.Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3205. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82781-5Chopik WJ.Age differences in conscientiousness facets in the second half of life: Divergent associations with changes in physical health.Personality and Individual Differences. 2016;96:202-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.076Sutin A, Stephan Y, Terracciano A.Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status.Psychol Health. 2018;33(9):1100-1115. doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165Turiano N, Whiteman S, Hampson S, Roberts B, Mroczek D.Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change.J Res Pers. 2012;46(3):295-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.009Denissen JJA, Bleidorn W, Hennecke M, et al.Uncovering the power of personality to shape income.Psychol Sci. 2018;29(1):3-13. doi:10.1177/0956797617724435Topino E, Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Gori A.Personality traits, workers' age, and job satisfaction: The moderated effect of conscientiousness.PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0252275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252275Hudson N.Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change?.J Res Pers. 2021;95:104160. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104160
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Jackson JJ, Hill PL.Lifespan development of conscientiousness.Handbook of Personality Development.Marsh HW, Nagengast B, Morin AJS.Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects.Dev Psychol.2013;49(6):1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913Soutter A, Bates T, Mõttus R.Big five and HEXACO personality traits, proenvironmental attitudes, and behaviors: A meta-analysis.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(4):913-941. doi:10.1177/1745691620903019Wan Q, Jiang L, Zeng Y, Wu X.A big-five personality model-based study of empathy behaviors in clinical nurses.Nurse Education in Practice. 2019;38:66-71. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.06.005Othman R, Othman R, Hallit R, Obeid S, Hallit S.Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students.BMC Psychol. 2020;8:46. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00406-4Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X, Luo K, Gong Q.Brain structure links trait conscientiousness to academic performance.Sci Rep. 2019;9:12168. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48704-1Huo ML, Jiang Z.Trait conscientiousness, thriving at work, career satisfaction and job satisfaction: Can supervisor support make a difference?.Personal Individ Diff. 2021;183:111116. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111116Tedesqui R, Young B.How coaches see conscientiousness-related traits and their impact on athletes' training and expertise development.Int Sport Coach J. 2020;7(2):127-138. doi:10.1123/iscj.2018-0074Nei K, Foster J, Ness A, Nei D.Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders.Int J Select Assess. 2018;26(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12201Schmidt F, Nagy G, Fleckenstein J, Möller J, Retelsdorf J.Same same, but different? Relations between facets of conscientiousness and grit.Eur J Personal. 2018;32(6):705-720. doi:10.1002/per.2171Takahashi Y, Zheng A, Yamagata S, Ando J.Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3205. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82781-5Chopik WJ.Age differences in conscientiousness facets in the second half of life: Divergent associations with changes in physical health.Personality and Individual Differences. 2016;96:202-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.076Sutin A, Stephan Y, Terracciano A.Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status.Psychol Health. 2018;33(9):1100-1115. doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165Turiano N, Whiteman S, Hampson S, Roberts B, Mroczek D.Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change.J Res Pers. 2012;46(3):295-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.009Denissen JJA, Bleidorn W, Hennecke M, et al.Uncovering the power of personality to shape income.Psychol Sci. 2018;29(1):3-13. doi:10.1177/0956797617724435Topino E, Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Gori A.Personality traits, workers' age, and job satisfaction: The moderated effect of conscientiousness.PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0252275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252275Hudson N.Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change?.J Res Pers. 2021;95:104160. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104160
Jackson JJ, Hill PL.Lifespan development of conscientiousness.Handbook of Personality Development.
Marsh HW, Nagengast B, Morin AJS.Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects.Dev Psychol.2013;49(6):1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913
Soutter A, Bates T, Mõttus R.Big five and HEXACO personality traits, proenvironmental attitudes, and behaviors: A meta-analysis.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(4):913-941. doi:10.1177/1745691620903019
Wan Q, Jiang L, Zeng Y, Wu X.A big-five personality model-based study of empathy behaviors in clinical nurses.Nurse Education in Practice. 2019;38:66-71. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.06.005
Othman R, Othman R, Hallit R, Obeid S, Hallit S.Personality traits, emotional intelligence and decision-making styles in Lebanese universities medical students.BMC Psychol. 2020;8:46. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00406-4
Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X, Luo K, Gong Q.Brain structure links trait conscientiousness to academic performance.Sci Rep. 2019;9:12168. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48704-1
Huo ML, Jiang Z.Trait conscientiousness, thriving at work, career satisfaction and job satisfaction: Can supervisor support make a difference?.Personal Individ Diff. 2021;183:111116. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111116
Tedesqui R, Young B.How coaches see conscientiousness-related traits and their impact on athletes' training and expertise development.Int Sport Coach J. 2020;7(2):127-138. doi:10.1123/iscj.2018-0074
Nei K, Foster J, Ness A, Nei D.Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders.Int J Select Assess. 2018;26(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12201
Schmidt F, Nagy G, Fleckenstein J, Möller J, Retelsdorf J.Same same, but different? Relations between facets of conscientiousness and grit.Eur J Personal. 2018;32(6):705-720. doi:10.1002/per.2171
Takahashi Y, Zheng A, Yamagata S, Ando J.Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3205. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82781-5
Chopik WJ.Age differences in conscientiousness facets in the second half of life: Divergent associations with changes in physical health.Personality and Individual Differences. 2016;96:202-211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.076
Sutin A, Stephan Y, Terracciano A.Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status.Psychol Health. 2018;33(9):1100-1115. doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165
Turiano N, Whiteman S, Hampson S, Roberts B, Mroczek D.Personality and substance use in midlife: Conscientiousness as a moderator and the effects of trait change.J Res Pers. 2012;46(3):295-305. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.009
Denissen JJA, Bleidorn W, Hennecke M, et al.Uncovering the power of personality to shape income.Psychol Sci. 2018;29(1):3-13. doi:10.1177/0956797617724435
Topino E, Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Gori A.Personality traits, workers' age, and job satisfaction: The moderated effect of conscientiousness.PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0252275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252275
Hudson N.Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change?.J Res Pers. 2021;95:104160. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104160
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