What Is Cannabis Use Disorder?

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSigns and SymptomsDiagnosisCausesTreatmentFrequently Asked Questions

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnosis

Causes

Treatment

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most important information I should know about cannabis use disorder?Cannabis can have serious health risks, including addiction, cognitive problems, and psychosis in some individuals.Several states have legalized cannabis for medicinal or recreational use. However, marijuana is still illegal under federal law.Symptoms of cannabis use disorder include drug cravings, using more cannabis than intended, developing a tolerance, and continuing to use despite negative consequences.

What is the most important information I should know about cannabis use disorder?

Cannabis can have serious health risks, including addiction, cognitive problems, and psychosis in some individuals.Several states have legalized cannabis for medicinal or recreational use. However, marijuana is still illegal under federal law.Symptoms of cannabis use disorder include drug cravings, using more cannabis than intended, developing a tolerance, and continuing to use despite negative consequences.

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a diagnosis given for problematic marijuana (cannabis) use. This condition was introduced in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editionor DSM-5. The previous DSM edition separated problematic use into two different disorders: cannabis abuse and cannabis dependence.

Keep reading to learn more about the symptoms of cannabis use disorder and how the condition is diagnosed. It also covers what causes cannabis use disorder and the treatment that can help.

Signs and Symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder

One of the key things to remember with cannabis use disorder is that it involves cannabis use that creates issues or problems for the user. With that in mind, at least two of the followingofficial criteriaor symptoms occurring within a 12-month period indicate cannabis use disorder:

Just because the name has changed and the term “cannabis use” has replaced “cannabis abuse” or “cannabis dependence” doesn’t mean that cannabis is not addictive. In fact, research shows conclusively thatcannabis is addictive.

Diagnosis of Cannabis Use Disorder

To diagnose cannabis use disorder, a healthcare provider assesses the person’s history. This includes whether they or their immediate family members have a history ofsubstance abuseormental health issuesand also includes their medical history and exposure to environmental stress.

Laboratory testing can be used to help identify cannabis use. However, a positive drug test does not necessarily mean the person has cannabis use disorder and a negative drug test does not rule it out. Instead, it is more important to look at reported cannabis intake compared to the amount that is in the blood.

The new cannabis use disorder classification (which separates problematic use from cannabis dependence or cannabis abuse) means that someone can have severe cannabis use disorder without having any tolerance or withdrawal, the hallmarks of addiction.By the same token, they can meet the criteria for mild cannabis use disorder despite experiencing high physical tolerance and withdrawal.

What Do Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms Feel Like?

CUD and Other Mental Health Conditions

Research has reported connections between CUD and other specific substance use disorders as well, including:

Cannabis use disorder is also associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, including trouble concentrating, memory loss, and problems with decision-making.Cannabis use has also been associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric conditions, including depression, substance use disorders, andschizophrenia. People who use cannabis may have an increased risk of experiencingpsychosis.

What Is Amotivational Syndrome?

Causes of Cannabis Use Disorder

THC, which stands for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the compound in cannabis that produces psychoactive effects. It attaches to cannabinoid receptors in the body and causes the release of dopamine. This activates the brain’s reward system, which plays a part in the onset of addiction.

Substance use disorders don’t have one specific cause that fits all people diagnosed with the condition. Stress, emotional distress, and other mental health conditions (such asanxietyanddepression) can all contribute to the development of cannabis use disorder.

There may be a genetic or hereditary component as well. Researchers have identified several gene variants that can increase the risk of developing cannabis dependence or cannabis addiction.

The age at which a person begins using cannabis is another factor linked to the risk for addiction. People who start using cannabis before the age of 18 have a higher risk of becoming addicted.Using cannabis frequently also increases this risk.

Cannabis potency is also believed to play a role. Evidence suggests that the higher-potency cannabis products that are available today are associated with an increased risk for addiction.

Why Teens Use Marijuana

Treatment for Cannabis Use Disorder

There are a couple of different treatment options for people with cannabis use disorder. It’s important to note that if there is a co-occurring condition, treating both conditions at the same time can provide the most favorable treatment outcome.

Approximately 10% of people who use cannabis daily seek treatment. People who don’t seek treatment cite poor motivation, fear of change, stigma, other mental health problems, and lack of access as barriers to treatment.

Counseling and Therapy

Several types of counseling or therapy have been found beneficial for reducing cannabis use and the subsequent problems this drug creates. They are:

Research has also found that developing a strong sense ofself-efficacy, or a belief that a person can resist using cannabis, is an important predictor of long-term abstinence.

Medication

If you or a loved one are struggling with substance use or addiction, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you or a loved one are struggling with substance use or addiction, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Frequently Asked QuestionsCannabis use disorder is currently treated with counseling and therapy, though some medications are being investigated as potential treatment options. Some health experts suggest that, should a medicine be found, combining it with therapy may offer people with cannabis use disorder the best prognosis.Roughly 1.4% of American adults have cannabis use disorder, while this condition affects 9.3% of cannabis users.Individuals most at risk of developing CUD include those who are younger, male, unmarried, in a lower income bracket, and reside in a state that has medical marijuana laws. People with psychiatric disorders also have a higher risk.The answer to the question can vary based on the individual person’s response to the drug, theform of cannabisused, and the level of cannabis use. The physical effects of using marijuana, in general, include daily cough, more frequent lung illnesses and infections, increased heart rate, and—in some cases—intense nausea and vomiting.If cannabis use is heavy and prolonged, it can even change the brain’s networks.Learn More:What to Know About Marijuana Use

Cannabis use disorder is currently treated with counseling and therapy, though some medications are being investigated as potential treatment options. Some health experts suggest that, should a medicine be found, combining it with therapy may offer people with cannabis use disorder the best prognosis.

Roughly 1.4% of American adults have cannabis use disorder, while this condition affects 9.3% of cannabis users.Individuals most at risk of developing CUD include those who are younger, male, unmarried, in a lower income bracket, and reside in a state that has medical marijuana laws. People with psychiatric disorders also have a higher risk.

The answer to the question can vary based on the individual person’s response to the drug, theform of cannabisused, and the level of cannabis use. The physical effects of using marijuana, in general, include daily cough, more frequent lung illnesses and infections, increased heart rate, and—in some cases—intense nausea and vomiting.If cannabis use is heavy and prolonged, it can even change the brain’s networks.Learn More:What to Know About Marijuana Use

The answer to the question can vary based on the individual person’s response to the drug, theform of cannabisused, and the level of cannabis use. The physical effects of using marijuana, in general, include daily cough, more frequent lung illnesses and infections, increased heart rate, and—in some cases—intense nausea and vomiting.If cannabis use is heavy and prolonged, it can even change the brain’s networks.

Learn More:What to Know About Marijuana Use

23 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Connor J, Stjepanovic D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney A, Hall W.Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.Nature Rev Disease Primers. 2021;7(16). doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al.DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(8):834-851. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782Zehra A, Burns J, Liu C, et al.Cannabis addiction and the brain: a review.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13:438-52. doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9McLellan AT.Substance misuse and substance use disorders: Why do they matter in healthcare?Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2017;128:112-130.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Onaemo V, Fawehinmi T, D’Arcy C.Comorbid cannabis use disorder with major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis of nationally representative epidemiological surveys.J Affect Disord. 2021;281:467-475. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.043Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller M, Belendiuk K, Carney D, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz E.Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample.Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):633-8. doi:10.1037/abd0000110Hayley A, Stough C, Downey L.DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27(8):732-43. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.004Stypulkowski K, Thayer RE.Long-term recreational cannabis use is associated with lower executive function and processing speed in a pilot sample of older adults.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(5):740-746. doi:10.1177/08919887211049130Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al.The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study.The Lancet.2019;6(5);427-436 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3National Institute on Drug Abuse.How does marijuana produce its effects? Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Substance use disorder.Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, et al.A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(12):1032-1045. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30339-4Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al.Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2012;109(40):E2657-E2664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109National Institute on Drug Abuse.Is marijuana addictive?Sherman BJ, McRae-Clark AL.Treatment of cannabis use disorder: Current science and future outlook.Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):511-535. doi:10.1002/phar.1747Schaub M, Wenger A, Berg O, et al.A web-based self-help intervention with and without chat counseling to reduce cannabis use in problematic cannabis users: three-arm randomized controlled trial.J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(10):e232.Marshall K, Gowing L, Ali R, Le Foll B.Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, ed.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD008940.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub2Yale Medicine.Cannabis/marijuana use disorder.Compton W, Han B, Jones C, Blanco C.Cannabis use disorders among adults in the United States during a time of increasing use of cannabis.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107468. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.008Browne K, Stohl M, Bohnert K, et al.Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among U.S. veterans: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III).Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(1):26-35. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081202National Institute on Drug Abuse.What is marijuana? Marijuana DrugFacts.Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Batalla A, et al.Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users.J Psychiatr Res.2014;51:68-78. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.008

23 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Connor J, Stjepanovic D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney A, Hall W.Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.Nature Rev Disease Primers. 2021;7(16). doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al.DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(8):834-851. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782Zehra A, Burns J, Liu C, et al.Cannabis addiction and the brain: a review.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13:438-52. doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9McLellan AT.Substance misuse and substance use disorders: Why do they matter in healthcare?Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2017;128:112-130.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Onaemo V, Fawehinmi T, D’Arcy C.Comorbid cannabis use disorder with major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis of nationally representative epidemiological surveys.J Affect Disord. 2021;281:467-475. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.043Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller M, Belendiuk K, Carney D, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz E.Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample.Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):633-8. doi:10.1037/abd0000110Hayley A, Stough C, Downey L.DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27(8):732-43. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.004Stypulkowski K, Thayer RE.Long-term recreational cannabis use is associated with lower executive function and processing speed in a pilot sample of older adults.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(5):740-746. doi:10.1177/08919887211049130Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al.The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study.The Lancet.2019;6(5);427-436 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3National Institute on Drug Abuse.How does marijuana produce its effects? Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Substance use disorder.Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, et al.A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(12):1032-1045. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30339-4Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al.Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2012;109(40):E2657-E2664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109National Institute on Drug Abuse.Is marijuana addictive?Sherman BJ, McRae-Clark AL.Treatment of cannabis use disorder: Current science and future outlook.Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):511-535. doi:10.1002/phar.1747Schaub M, Wenger A, Berg O, et al.A web-based self-help intervention with and without chat counseling to reduce cannabis use in problematic cannabis users: three-arm randomized controlled trial.J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(10):e232.Marshall K, Gowing L, Ali R, Le Foll B.Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, ed.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD008940.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub2Yale Medicine.Cannabis/marijuana use disorder.Compton W, Han B, Jones C, Blanco C.Cannabis use disorders among adults in the United States during a time of increasing use of cannabis.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107468. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.008Browne K, Stohl M, Bohnert K, et al.Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among U.S. veterans: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III).Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(1):26-35. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081202National Institute on Drug Abuse.What is marijuana? Marijuana DrugFacts.Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Batalla A, et al.Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users.J Psychiatr Res.2014;51:68-78. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.008

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Connor J, Stjepanovic D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney A, Hall W.Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.Nature Rev Disease Primers. 2021;7(16). doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al.DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(8):834-851. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782Zehra A, Burns J, Liu C, et al.Cannabis addiction and the brain: a review.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13:438-52. doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9McLellan AT.Substance misuse and substance use disorders: Why do they matter in healthcare?Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2017;128:112-130.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Onaemo V, Fawehinmi T, D’Arcy C.Comorbid cannabis use disorder with major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis of nationally representative epidemiological surveys.J Affect Disord. 2021;281:467-475. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.043Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller M, Belendiuk K, Carney D, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz E.Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample.Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):633-8. doi:10.1037/abd0000110Hayley A, Stough C, Downey L.DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27(8):732-43. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.004Stypulkowski K, Thayer RE.Long-term recreational cannabis use is associated with lower executive function and processing speed in a pilot sample of older adults.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(5):740-746. doi:10.1177/08919887211049130Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al.The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study.The Lancet.2019;6(5);427-436 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3National Institute on Drug Abuse.How does marijuana produce its effects? Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Substance use disorder.Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, et al.A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(12):1032-1045. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30339-4Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al.Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2012;109(40):E2657-E2664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109National Institute on Drug Abuse.Is marijuana addictive?Sherman BJ, McRae-Clark AL.Treatment of cannabis use disorder: Current science and future outlook.Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):511-535. doi:10.1002/phar.1747Schaub M, Wenger A, Berg O, et al.A web-based self-help intervention with and without chat counseling to reduce cannabis use in problematic cannabis users: three-arm randomized controlled trial.J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(10):e232.Marshall K, Gowing L, Ali R, Le Foll B.Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, ed.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD008940.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub2Yale Medicine.Cannabis/marijuana use disorder.Compton W, Han B, Jones C, Blanco C.Cannabis use disorders among adults in the United States during a time of increasing use of cannabis.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107468. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.008Browne K, Stohl M, Bohnert K, et al.Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among U.S. veterans: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III).Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(1):26-35. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081202National Institute on Drug Abuse.What is marijuana? Marijuana DrugFacts.Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Batalla A, et al.Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users.J Psychiatr Res.2014;51:68-78. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.008

Connor J, Stjepanovic D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney A, Hall W.Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.Nature Rev Disease Primers. 2021;7(16). doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4

Hasin DS, O’Brien CP, Auriacombe M, et al.DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale.Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(8):834-851. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782

Zehra A, Burns J, Liu C, et al.Cannabis addiction and the brain: a review.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13:438-52. doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9782-9

McLellan AT.Substance misuse and substance use disorders: Why do they matter in healthcare?Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2017;128:112-130.

American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.

Onaemo V, Fawehinmi T, D’Arcy C.Comorbid cannabis use disorder with major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis of nationally representative epidemiological surveys.J Affect Disord. 2021;281:467-475. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.043

Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller M, Belendiuk K, Carney D, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz E.Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample.Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):633-8. doi:10.1037/abd0000110

Hayley A, Stough C, Downey L.DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27(8):732-43. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.004

Stypulkowski K, Thayer RE.Long-term recreational cannabis use is associated with lower executive function and processing speed in a pilot sample of older adults.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(5):740-746. doi:10.1177/08919887211049130

Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al.The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study.The Lancet.2019;6(5);427-436 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3

National Institute on Drug Abuse.How does marijuana produce its effects? Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report.

U.S. National Library of Medicine.Substance use disorder.

Johnson EC, Demontis D, Thorgeirsson TE, et al.A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(12):1032-1045. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30339-4

Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al.Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2012;109(40):E2657-E2664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206820109

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Is marijuana addictive?

Sherman BJ, McRae-Clark AL.Treatment of cannabis use disorder: Current science and future outlook.Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):511-535. doi:10.1002/phar.1747

Schaub M, Wenger A, Berg O, et al.A web-based self-help intervention with and without chat counseling to reduce cannabis use in problematic cannabis users: three-arm randomized controlled trial.J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(10):e232.

Marshall K, Gowing L, Ali R, Le Foll B.Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, ed.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD008940.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub2

Yale Medicine.Cannabis/marijuana use disorder.

Compton W, Han B, Jones C, Blanco C.Cannabis use disorders among adults in the United States during a time of increasing use of cannabis.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107468. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.008

Browne K, Stohl M, Bohnert K, et al.Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among U.S. veterans: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III).Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(1):26-35. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081202

National Institute on Drug Abuse.What is marijuana? Marijuana DrugFacts.

Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Batalla A, et al.Functional connectivity alterations in brain networks relevant to self-awareness in chronic cannabis users.J Psychiatr Res.2014;51:68-78. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.008

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