What Is a Neurotic Personality?

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDefinitionPrevalenceTraitsCausesImpact on BehaviorsImpact on RelationshipsCopingFrequently Asked Questions

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Definition

Prevalence

Traits

Causes

Impact on Behaviors

Impact on Relationships

Coping

Frequently Asked Questions

Close

Neuroticism can affect relationships in various ways. Neurotic tendencies, for example, can sometimes cause friction. Learn how neuroticism can affect relationships, as well as a few ways to keep the potentially negative impact of this personality trait to a minimum.

What Is Neuroticism?

Neuroticism is a trait that reflects a person’s level ofemotional stability. It is often defined as a negative personality trait involving negative emotions, poorself-regulation(an inability to manage urges), trouble dealing with stress, a strong reaction to perceived threats, and the tendency tocomplain.

Neuroticism is one of the"Big Five" personality traits, along with extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness (OCEAN or CANOE are acronyms sometimes used to remember these traits). These are enduring personality traits that serve as common ways of categorizing people.

Prevalence of Neuroticism

Neuroticism is generally measured using self-report questionnaires as part of apersonality assessment. It might also involve asking other people, such as friends and family, about the person and their personality characteristics. This process presents some challenges in identifying its true prevalence.

Additionally, because neuroticism is not a diagnosis, prevalence rates of neurotic personality are not reported as they are fordiagnosable mental disorders. Instead, each person falls on a continuum that ranges from very low to very high. In other words, we all exist somewhere on the spectrum when it comes to being neurotic in our behavior or having a neurotic personality.

Common Neurotic Traits

How do you know where you fall on the neuroticism spectrum? People who are at the higher end are often described as having a neurotic personality and tend to show the following characteristics:

Causes of Neuroticism

What might cause one person to score higher in neuroticism than another? Here are a few factors to consider.

There is also some evidence that neuroticism may be correlated with the startle reflex,which is an involuntary response to loud noises. This suggests that people who are high in neuroticism may be genetically wired to react more strongly to outside stimuli.

How Neuroticism Affects Behavior

As mentioned previously, neuroticism may help people survive because they have a tendency to pay more attention to negative outcomes or risks. Research has also connected this trait with higher levels of academic success.

On the other hand, a neurotic personality can have negative effects on behavior, such as if you are unable to manage feelings of worry. In some cases, neuroticism may contribute to the development of mental health issues such asdepressionoranxiety.

In general, people who are high on the neuroticism scale react with quick arousal to situations and can take a long time to get back to their baseline level. In other words, they live with emotional instability and may have trouble regulating their behaviors as a result.

How Neuroticism Affects Relationships

Neuroticism can have negative impacts on personal relationships. Here are a few of the ways in which this personality trait can affect how you relate to the people in your life.

Higher Level of Annoyance

Greater Number of Conflicts

Being high in neuroticism can also lead toconflict with others.If you become enraged over someone cutting you off in traffic, for example, you may decide to confront them. If minor problems send you over the edge, you might also yell or become angry at the people you feel have caused you stress.

Some people high in neuroticism accuse others of doing things out of their own worry. This could show up in the form of accusing your spouse of cheating without any evidence, driving them away from you. Or you may blame friends for things in an overly aggressive way, which can hurt your relationships.

Also, if you obsess over minor details and always strive forperfectionism, you might not complete tasks that other people ask you to do. This, too, can lead to tension and conflict.

Appearing Unreliable

If you constantly fly off the handle, for instance, people may feel that they can’t rely on you to keep a calm head when faced with adversity. They may fear that they won’t be able to count on you in difficult situations if you are going to panic at the sign of the smallest threat.

Having alow tolerance for stresscan cause leaders at work to decide that you are not the right person for the upcoming job promotion, or it may cause a love interest to decide that you are not the one that they want to spend their life with.

Increased Feelings of Guilt

Someone with high neurotic scores mayfeel guiltyabout things that are not their fault. This guilt can cause them to apologize for every little mistake or obsess about things they’ve done long after it’s necessary to worry about them, which can inadvertently start to push people away.

While people with high neuroticism might feel as though this guilt is necessary or helpful, it can actually hurt their relationships. A tendency toward feelings of guilt can also be harmful to mental health, increasing your risk of anxiety and depression.

Reduced Well-Being in Your Children

If you have a neurotic personality and have children, you have a greater tendency to overprotect them.You might tell them that they can’t play at the park because they could fall and hurt themselves, for instance. Or you may make decisions for them because “you know best.”

Coping With a Neurotic Personality

If you have a high level of neuroticism and are concerned that it may be harming your relationships, there are a few things you can do to better cope with this personality trait.

Know That Change Is Possible

Although personality traits are considered to be relatively stable over time, they can and do change.They can also be managed to help reduce their negative effects and increase their positive effects. Recognizing that you have some control over how you respond to situations is a good first step to choosing healthier responses.

Keep a Gratitude Journal

Writing out thethings you are grateful forhelps remind you that even if your life isn’t perfect, there is still a lot to be thankful for. Make it a habit to write in this journal every morning or every night. Use it to remember all of the good that life has to offer.

Practice Mindfulness

Work on Your Problem-Solving Skills

Problem-solvinginvolves looking at an issue objectively, then considering viable solutions. This practice removes emotion from the equation, reducing the tendency for a negative response. It also helps you look for ways to resolve things that bother you versus letting them pile up.

Find Ways to Relieve Stress

Seek Professional Help

If you have difficulties with feelings of neuroticism or neurotic behavior, you might benefit from professional help.Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) is one option to help you manage your worries, for instance.Acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) might be another, helping you to better deal with your negative emotions.

A Word From Verywell

It’s important to keep in mind that having a high level of neuroticism doesn’t make you a bad person. The positive side of the equation is that you are sensitive and aware in a way that some others might not be. You are also likely to be the one who is always looking out for others and trying to be sensitive to their feelings.

If you can combine these positives with some inner work to learn how to better manage your negative thoughts and emotions, you can channel a neurotic behavior in the best possible direction so that it serves you rather than detracts from your well-being. Learn your strengths and capitalize on them while, at the same time, working to mitigate the negative effects of this trait.

Frequently Asked QuestionsAn example of a neurotic person is someone who is often self-critical and experiences more negative emotions that others. They doubt themselves, are often moody, and may have dramatic changes in their moods or feelings. They may obessess over what others are thinking, have high levels of irritability, and overreact to minor problems.While neuroticism can cause problems, neurotic people also tend to be more creative.Because they also tend to spend more time thinking about many things, including what others are thinking and feeling, they also tend to have a great deal of emotional depth and empathy.

An example of a neurotic person is someone who is often self-critical and experiences more negative emotions that others. They doubt themselves, are often moody, and may have dramatic changes in their moods or feelings. They may obessess over what others are thinking, have high levels of irritability, and overreact to minor problems.

While neuroticism can cause problems, neurotic people also tend to be more creative.Because they also tend to spend more time thinking about many things, including what others are thinking and feeling, they also tend to have a great deal of emotional depth and empathy.

21 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Widiger T, Oltmanns J.Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications.World Psychiat. 2017;16(2):144-145. doi:10.1002/wps.20411Bauermeister S, Gallacher J.A psychometric evaluation of the 12-item EPQ-R neuroticism scale in 502,591 UK Biobank participants using item response theory (IRT).BioRxiv. 2020;1(11):25. doi:10.1101/741249Balada F, Lucas I, Blanch A, Blanco E, Aluja A.Neuroticism is associated with reduced oxygenation levels in the lateral prefrontal cortex following exposure to unpleasant images.Physiol Behav. 2019;199:66-72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.002Ogle C, Rubin D, Siegler I.Changes in neuroticism following trauma exposure.J Pers. 2014;82(2):93-102. doi:10.1111/jopy.12037Sweeney M, Tsapanou A, Stern Y.Regional cortical thickness and neuroticism across the lifespan.Psychiat Res: Neuroimag. 2019;286:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.005Kajonius P, Giolla E.Personality traits across countries: Support for similarities rather than differences.PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179646Bunker C, Saysavanh S, Kwan V.Are gender differences in the Big Five the same on social media as offline?.Computers Human Behav Rep. 2021;3:100085. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100085Hill WD, Weiss A, Liewald D, et al.Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life.Molecul Psychiat. 2020;5:3034-3052. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0387-3Britannica.Neuroticism.Ferry R, Nelson B.Tactile P300 to unpredictable electric shocks: Association with anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism.Biol Psychol. 2021;162:108094. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108094Cross T, Cross J, Mammadov S, Ward T, Neumeister K, Andersen L.Psychological heterogeneity among honors college students.J Educ Gifted. 2018;41(3):242-272. doi:10.1177/0162353218781754Williams A, Craske M, Mineka S, Zinbarg R.Neuroticism and the longitudinal trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adolescents.J Abnorm Psychol. 2021;130(2):126-140. doi:10.1037/abn0000638Best R, Cruitt P, Hill P.Neuroticism predicts informant-reported cognitive decline through health behaviors.Innov Aging. 2019;3(Suppl 1):S846. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.3115Borghuis J, Bleidorn W, Sijtsma K, Branje S, Meeus W, Dennissen J.Longitudinal associations between trait neuroticism and negative daily experiences in adolescence.J Personal Social Psychol. 2020;118(2):348-363. doi:10.1037/pspp0000233Williamson T, Ostroff J, Haque N, et al.Dispositional shame and guilt as predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety among adults with lung cancer: The mediational role of internalized stigma.Stigma Health. 2020;5(4):425-433. doi:10.1037/sah0000214Moreira H, Caiado B, Canavarro M.Is mindful parenting a mechanism that links parents' and children’s tendency to experience negative affect to overprotective and supportive behaviors?.Mindful. 2021;12:319-333. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01468-6Chae R.Overprotective parents and a new generation of American children.Berkeley Political Review. University of California, Berkeley.Harris M, Brett C, Johnson W, Deary I.Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years.Psychol Aging. 2016;31(8):862-874. doi:10.1037/pag0000133Ponte Marquez P, Feliu-Soler A, Sole-Villa M, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Human Hypert. 2019;33:237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Braund T, Palmer D, Tillman G, Hanna H, Gordon E.Increased chronic stress predicts greater emotional negativity bias and poorer social skills but not cognitive functioning in healthy adults.Anxiety Stress Coping. 2019;32(4):399-411. doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1598555Perkins AM, Arnone D, Smallwood J, Mobbs D.Thinking too much: self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism.Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(9):492-498. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.003Additional ReadingHirsh JB, Deyoung CG, Peterson JB.Metatraits of the Big Five differentially predict engagement and restraint of behavior.J Pers. 2009;77(4):1085-102. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00575.x

21 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Widiger T, Oltmanns J.Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications.World Psychiat. 2017;16(2):144-145. doi:10.1002/wps.20411Bauermeister S, Gallacher J.A psychometric evaluation of the 12-item EPQ-R neuroticism scale in 502,591 UK Biobank participants using item response theory (IRT).BioRxiv. 2020;1(11):25. doi:10.1101/741249Balada F, Lucas I, Blanch A, Blanco E, Aluja A.Neuroticism is associated with reduced oxygenation levels in the lateral prefrontal cortex following exposure to unpleasant images.Physiol Behav. 2019;199:66-72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.002Ogle C, Rubin D, Siegler I.Changes in neuroticism following trauma exposure.J Pers. 2014;82(2):93-102. doi:10.1111/jopy.12037Sweeney M, Tsapanou A, Stern Y.Regional cortical thickness and neuroticism across the lifespan.Psychiat Res: Neuroimag. 2019;286:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.005Kajonius P, Giolla E.Personality traits across countries: Support for similarities rather than differences.PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179646Bunker C, Saysavanh S, Kwan V.Are gender differences in the Big Five the same on social media as offline?.Computers Human Behav Rep. 2021;3:100085. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100085Hill WD, Weiss A, Liewald D, et al.Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life.Molecul Psychiat. 2020;5:3034-3052. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0387-3Britannica.Neuroticism.Ferry R, Nelson B.Tactile P300 to unpredictable electric shocks: Association with anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism.Biol Psychol. 2021;162:108094. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108094Cross T, Cross J, Mammadov S, Ward T, Neumeister K, Andersen L.Psychological heterogeneity among honors college students.J Educ Gifted. 2018;41(3):242-272. doi:10.1177/0162353218781754Williams A, Craske M, Mineka S, Zinbarg R.Neuroticism and the longitudinal trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adolescents.J Abnorm Psychol. 2021;130(2):126-140. doi:10.1037/abn0000638Best R, Cruitt P, Hill P.Neuroticism predicts informant-reported cognitive decline through health behaviors.Innov Aging. 2019;3(Suppl 1):S846. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.3115Borghuis J, Bleidorn W, Sijtsma K, Branje S, Meeus W, Dennissen J.Longitudinal associations between trait neuroticism and negative daily experiences in adolescence.J Personal Social Psychol. 2020;118(2):348-363. doi:10.1037/pspp0000233Williamson T, Ostroff J, Haque N, et al.Dispositional shame and guilt as predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety among adults with lung cancer: The mediational role of internalized stigma.Stigma Health. 2020;5(4):425-433. doi:10.1037/sah0000214Moreira H, Caiado B, Canavarro M.Is mindful parenting a mechanism that links parents' and children’s tendency to experience negative affect to overprotective and supportive behaviors?.Mindful. 2021;12:319-333. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01468-6Chae R.Overprotective parents and a new generation of American children.Berkeley Political Review. University of California, Berkeley.Harris M, Brett C, Johnson W, Deary I.Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years.Psychol Aging. 2016;31(8):862-874. doi:10.1037/pag0000133Ponte Marquez P, Feliu-Soler A, Sole-Villa M, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Human Hypert. 2019;33:237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Braund T, Palmer D, Tillman G, Hanna H, Gordon E.Increased chronic stress predicts greater emotional negativity bias and poorer social skills but not cognitive functioning in healthy adults.Anxiety Stress Coping. 2019;32(4):399-411. doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1598555Perkins AM, Arnone D, Smallwood J, Mobbs D.Thinking too much: self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism.Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(9):492-498. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.003Additional ReadingHirsh JB, Deyoung CG, Peterson JB.Metatraits of the Big Five differentially predict engagement and restraint of behavior.J Pers. 2009;77(4):1085-102. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00575.x

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Widiger T, Oltmanns J.Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications.World Psychiat. 2017;16(2):144-145. doi:10.1002/wps.20411Bauermeister S, Gallacher J.A psychometric evaluation of the 12-item EPQ-R neuroticism scale in 502,591 UK Biobank participants using item response theory (IRT).BioRxiv. 2020;1(11):25. doi:10.1101/741249Balada F, Lucas I, Blanch A, Blanco E, Aluja A.Neuroticism is associated with reduced oxygenation levels in the lateral prefrontal cortex following exposure to unpleasant images.Physiol Behav. 2019;199:66-72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.002Ogle C, Rubin D, Siegler I.Changes in neuroticism following trauma exposure.J Pers. 2014;82(2):93-102. doi:10.1111/jopy.12037Sweeney M, Tsapanou A, Stern Y.Regional cortical thickness and neuroticism across the lifespan.Psychiat Res: Neuroimag. 2019;286:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.005Kajonius P, Giolla E.Personality traits across countries: Support for similarities rather than differences.PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179646Bunker C, Saysavanh S, Kwan V.Are gender differences in the Big Five the same on social media as offline?.Computers Human Behav Rep. 2021;3:100085. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100085Hill WD, Weiss A, Liewald D, et al.Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life.Molecul Psychiat. 2020;5:3034-3052. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0387-3Britannica.Neuroticism.Ferry R, Nelson B.Tactile P300 to unpredictable electric shocks: Association with anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism.Biol Psychol. 2021;162:108094. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108094Cross T, Cross J, Mammadov S, Ward T, Neumeister K, Andersen L.Psychological heterogeneity among honors college students.J Educ Gifted. 2018;41(3):242-272. doi:10.1177/0162353218781754Williams A, Craske M, Mineka S, Zinbarg R.Neuroticism and the longitudinal trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adolescents.J Abnorm Psychol. 2021;130(2):126-140. doi:10.1037/abn0000638Best R, Cruitt P, Hill P.Neuroticism predicts informant-reported cognitive decline through health behaviors.Innov Aging. 2019;3(Suppl 1):S846. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.3115Borghuis J, Bleidorn W, Sijtsma K, Branje S, Meeus W, Dennissen J.Longitudinal associations between trait neuroticism and negative daily experiences in adolescence.J Personal Social Psychol. 2020;118(2):348-363. doi:10.1037/pspp0000233Williamson T, Ostroff J, Haque N, et al.Dispositional shame and guilt as predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety among adults with lung cancer: The mediational role of internalized stigma.Stigma Health. 2020;5(4):425-433. doi:10.1037/sah0000214Moreira H, Caiado B, Canavarro M.Is mindful parenting a mechanism that links parents' and children’s tendency to experience negative affect to overprotective and supportive behaviors?.Mindful. 2021;12:319-333. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01468-6Chae R.Overprotective parents and a new generation of American children.Berkeley Political Review. University of California, Berkeley.Harris M, Brett C, Johnson W, Deary I.Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years.Psychol Aging. 2016;31(8):862-874. doi:10.1037/pag0000133Ponte Marquez P, Feliu-Soler A, Sole-Villa M, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Human Hypert. 2019;33:237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6Braund T, Palmer D, Tillman G, Hanna H, Gordon E.Increased chronic stress predicts greater emotional negativity bias and poorer social skills but not cognitive functioning in healthy adults.Anxiety Stress Coping. 2019;32(4):399-411. doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1598555Perkins AM, Arnone D, Smallwood J, Mobbs D.Thinking too much: self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism.Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(9):492-498. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.003

Widiger T, Oltmanns J.Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications.World Psychiat. 2017;16(2):144-145. doi:10.1002/wps.20411

Bauermeister S, Gallacher J.A psychometric evaluation of the 12-item EPQ-R neuroticism scale in 502,591 UK Biobank participants using item response theory (IRT).BioRxiv. 2020;1(11):25. doi:10.1101/741249

Balada F, Lucas I, Blanch A, Blanco E, Aluja A.Neuroticism is associated with reduced oxygenation levels in the lateral prefrontal cortex following exposure to unpleasant images.Physiol Behav. 2019;199:66-72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.002

Ogle C, Rubin D, Siegler I.Changes in neuroticism following trauma exposure.J Pers. 2014;82(2):93-102. doi:10.1111/jopy.12037

Sweeney M, Tsapanou A, Stern Y.Regional cortical thickness and neuroticism across the lifespan.Psychiat Res: Neuroimag. 2019;286:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.005

Kajonius P, Giolla E.Personality traits across countries: Support for similarities rather than differences.PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179646

Bunker C, Saysavanh S, Kwan V.Are gender differences in the Big Five the same on social media as offline?.Computers Human Behav Rep. 2021;3:100085. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100085

Hill WD, Weiss A, Liewald D, et al.Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life.Molecul Psychiat. 2020;5:3034-3052. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0387-3

Britannica.Neuroticism.

Ferry R, Nelson B.Tactile P300 to unpredictable electric shocks: Association with anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism.Biol Psychol. 2021;162:108094. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108094

Cross T, Cross J, Mammadov S, Ward T, Neumeister K, Andersen L.Psychological heterogeneity among honors college students.J Educ Gifted. 2018;41(3):242-272. doi:10.1177/0162353218781754

Williams A, Craske M, Mineka S, Zinbarg R.Neuroticism and the longitudinal trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adolescents.J Abnorm Psychol. 2021;130(2):126-140. doi:10.1037/abn0000638

Best R, Cruitt P, Hill P.Neuroticism predicts informant-reported cognitive decline through health behaviors.Innov Aging. 2019;3(Suppl 1):S846. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.3115

Borghuis J, Bleidorn W, Sijtsma K, Branje S, Meeus W, Dennissen J.Longitudinal associations between trait neuroticism and negative daily experiences in adolescence.J Personal Social Psychol. 2020;118(2):348-363. doi:10.1037/pspp0000233

Williamson T, Ostroff J, Haque N, et al.Dispositional shame and guilt as predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety among adults with lung cancer: The mediational role of internalized stigma.Stigma Health. 2020;5(4):425-433. doi:10.1037/sah0000214

Moreira H, Caiado B, Canavarro M.Is mindful parenting a mechanism that links parents' and children’s tendency to experience negative affect to overprotective and supportive behaviors?.Mindful. 2021;12:319-333. doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01468-6

Chae R.Overprotective parents and a new generation of American children.Berkeley Political Review. University of California, Berkeley.

Harris M, Brett C, Johnson W, Deary I.Personality stability from age 14 to age 77 years.Psychol Aging. 2016;31(8):862-874. doi:10.1037/pag0000133

Ponte Marquez P, Feliu-Soler A, Sole-Villa M, et al.Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension.J Human Hypert. 2019;33:237-247. doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6

Braund T, Palmer D, Tillman G, Hanna H, Gordon E.Increased chronic stress predicts greater emotional negativity bias and poorer social skills but not cognitive functioning in healthy adults.Anxiety Stress Coping. 2019;32(4):399-411. doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1598555

Perkins AM, Arnone D, Smallwood J, Mobbs D.Thinking too much: self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism.Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(9):492-498. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.003

Hirsh JB, Deyoung CG, Peterson JB.Metatraits of the Big Five differentially predict engagement and restraint of behavior.J Pers. 2009;77(4):1085-102. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00575.x

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