What Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

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Table of Contents

How They Work

Approved Uses

Off-Label Uses

Precautions

Side Effects

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What are the most important things I should know about SSRIs?Combining SSRIs with other drugs that increase serotonin can lead to a potentially dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome.Talk to your healthcare provider before taking SSRIs during pregnancy or while breastfeeding to ensure they are safe.SSRIs may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in people under the age of 25.

What are the most important things I should know about SSRIs?

Combining SSRIs with other drugs that increase serotonin can lead to a potentially dangerous condition called serotonin syndrome.Talk to your healthcare provider before taking SSRIs during pregnancy or while breastfeeding to ensure they are safe.SSRIs may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in people under the age of 25.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribedclass of antidepressantsin the United States.Developed in the 1970s, SSRIs are the first class of medication prescribed for depression.

Learn more about what SSRIs are and how they work, common brand names, and which conditions SSRIs can help treat. We also share some of the side effects of SSRIs and precautions to consider before taking this category of drugs.

How SSRIs Work

The function of SSRIs is actually described in its name—selective serotoninreuptake inhibition. Serotonin is a naturally occurring substance in the body known as a neurotransmitter. It’s also known as the “feel good” chemical.Serotonin is found in the brain,central nervous system (CNS), and other parts of the body.

Serotonin has many functions, including those related to mood regulation, memory, sleep, sexual function, and digestion, among others. While serotonin is linked with feelings of happiness, low levels are connected tomood disorderslike depression.

About Serotonin: What It Is and How to Increase It

FDA-Approved SSRI Uses

In addition to treating depression, SSRIs are FDA-approved to help treat a variety of other mental health conditions in adults, including:

SSRIs are also the first-linemedication option for young peoplewith depression and anxiety. The table below lists the FDA-approved uses for individual SSRIs.

As you can see, not every SSRI is FDA-approved to treat every mood-related disorder.

Off-Label Uses for SSRIs

Doctors may prescribe SSRIs off-label to treat a broad range of other conditions. Among them areeating disorders,fibromyalgia,migraine headaches,and premature ejaculation.

Prescribing a drug off-label can mean prescribing it for:

Off-label use does not imply illegal use. In fact, the practice is legal and quite common. According to one 2023 study, between 21% and 32.3% of prescriptions are written for off-label use.

Precautions and Contraindications With SSRIs

SSRIs are not for everyone and must be used with caution in certain individuals. It is important to speak to your care provider about any preexisting conditions you may have before starting an SSRI.

Pregnancy

Hundreds of studies have looked at SSRI exposure and birth defects. With the exception of Paxil,most SSRIs are generally considered safe to use during pregnancy. But they are not without risk.

Although rare, the following are risks that have been linked to SSRI use during pregnancy:

Letting depression go untreated can also have a negative impact on a pregnancy. Remember to always discuss your specific situation thoroughly with your care provider before discontinuing any medication.

Are Antidepressants Safe in Pregnancy?

Breastfeeding

Zoloft and Paxil have been widely studied and are considered relatively safe for use during breastfeeding. The data suggest that the amount of these drugs nursing infants are exposed to is low enough that there are no adverse effects.

Children

In 2004, the FDA issued ablack box warning—the agency’s strictest warning—that young people (up to age 25) taking antidepressants might experience increased suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

The warning also says that children and adolescents taking SSRIs should be carefully watched for sudden changes in their mood or actions, such as:

If you see any of these signs in your child, particularly if they are new or noticeably worse than before, talk to a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

If your child is having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If your child is having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Side Effects of SSRI Medications

SSRIs are considered the most effectiveantidepressants with the fewest side effects. The majority of people who take them, however, do experience at least one side effect. Most of them are minor and usually go away as your body gets used to the medication.

Common side effects of SSRIs include:

Consult with a physician so they can explain all the known side effects of your chosen SSRI. If you’re experiencing one or more of these side effects, let them know. They may be able to suggest ways to lessen the effects or adjust your dose as needed.

Serotonin Syndrome

SSRIs aren’t the only medications that increase serotonin levels in your body. Certain pain and migraine medications, and herbal supplements such asSt. John’s wort, can also increase serotonin levels. Taking two or more of these drugs (also known as serotonergic drugs) can lead to a condition calledserotonin syndrome.

Serotonin syndrome can also occur if you are taking two or more antidepressants—for example, taking an SSRI and aselective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)or an SSRI andmonoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).

If too much serotonin builds up in your body, you may experience:

Though rare, serotonin syndrome may be life-threatening if not treated immediately.

Before starting any medication, it is important that you discuss all the medications you’re taking with your physician to avoid developing serotonin syndrome. You should also use caution when increasing doses of an SSRI.

Medications That Increase Serotonin

Discontinuation Syndrome

Neurons eventually adapt to the new level of neurotransmitters. But if the level changes too much too quickly—for example, because you’ve suddenly stopped taking your antidepressant—it can lead to uncomfortablewithdrawal symptomssuch as:

Symptoms occur within two to four days after drug cessation and usually last one to two weeks.

As many as one in five people who stop an antidepressant quickly may experience at least a mild version of discontinuation syndrome.

Paroxetine is linked with the highest incidence of discontinuation syndrome, whereas fluoxetine is linked with the lowest. In general, lower doses of SSRIs are associated with fewer occurrences of discontinuation syndrome.

Treatment for discontinuation syndrome depends on your individual symptoms, which SSRI you were taking, and your dosage. Recommendations for potentially lessening symptoms includetapering gradually off your dosageinstead of stopping immediately, as well as switching from your current SSRI to the more slowly metabolized fluoxetine.

Discontinuation syndrome is not life-threatening and symptoms should subside within a few weeks. Talk to your physician before discontinuing your medication; they can help you develop a strategy to hopefully minimize any symptoms.

22 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health.Commonly prescribed antidepressants and how they work.Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP.Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis.Nutrients. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056Harvard Health Publishing.Serotonin: The natural mood booster.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) information.Marvanova M, Gramith K.Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa.Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(3):127-137. doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127Walitt B, Urrútia G, Nishishinya MB, Cantrell SE, Häuser W.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD011735. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011735Burch R.Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine.Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(4):18. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2Cayan S, Serefoğlu EC.Advances in treating premature ejaculation.F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:55. doi:10.12703/P6-55Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):93-100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551Van Norman GA.Off-label use vs off-label marketing of drugs.JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023;8(2):224-233. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.011Bérard A, Iessa N, Chaabane S, Muanda FT, Boukhris T, Zhao JP.The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;81(4):589-604. doi:10.1111/bcp.12849Knudsen TM, Hansen AV, Garne E, Andersen A-MN.Increased risk of severe congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy–an epidemiological study using validated EUROCAT data.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:333. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-333Bruning AHL, Heller HM, Kieviet N, et al.Antidepressants during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review.Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;189:38-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.022Alwan S, Friedman JM, Chambers C.Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: A review of current evidence.CNS Drugs. 2016;30:499-515. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0338-3Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Wood M.Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and increased risk of psychiatric disorders.BMJ. 2017;358:j3950. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3950Wang J, Cosci F.Neonatal withdrawal syndrome following late in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(5):299-307. doi:10.1159/000516031Orsolini L, Bellantuono C.Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30(1):4-20. doi:10.1002/hup.2451U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications.American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Psychiatric Association.Depression: Parents' medication guide.Ramic E, Prasko S, Gavran L, Spahic E.Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care.Mater Sociomed. 2020;32(2):131-134. doi:10.5455/msm.2020.32.131-134Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T.Demystifying serotonin syndrome (orserotonin toxicity).Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(10):720-727.Gabriel M, Sharma V.Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.CMAJ. 2017;189(21):E747. doi:10.1503/cmaj.160991Additional ReadingAmerican Psychiatric Association.Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Zoloft label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Viibryd label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Celexa label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Prozac label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Lexapro label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Paxil label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Trintellix label.

22 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health.Commonly prescribed antidepressants and how they work.Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP.Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis.Nutrients. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056Harvard Health Publishing.Serotonin: The natural mood booster.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) information.Marvanova M, Gramith K.Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa.Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(3):127-137. doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127Walitt B, Urrútia G, Nishishinya MB, Cantrell SE, Häuser W.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD011735. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011735Burch R.Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine.Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(4):18. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2Cayan S, Serefoğlu EC.Advances in treating premature ejaculation.F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:55. doi:10.12703/P6-55Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):93-100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551Van Norman GA.Off-label use vs off-label marketing of drugs.JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023;8(2):224-233. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.011Bérard A, Iessa N, Chaabane S, Muanda FT, Boukhris T, Zhao JP.The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;81(4):589-604. doi:10.1111/bcp.12849Knudsen TM, Hansen AV, Garne E, Andersen A-MN.Increased risk of severe congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy–an epidemiological study using validated EUROCAT data.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:333. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-333Bruning AHL, Heller HM, Kieviet N, et al.Antidepressants during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review.Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;189:38-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.022Alwan S, Friedman JM, Chambers C.Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: A review of current evidence.CNS Drugs. 2016;30:499-515. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0338-3Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Wood M.Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and increased risk of psychiatric disorders.BMJ. 2017;358:j3950. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3950Wang J, Cosci F.Neonatal withdrawal syndrome following late in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(5):299-307. doi:10.1159/000516031Orsolini L, Bellantuono C.Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30(1):4-20. doi:10.1002/hup.2451U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications.American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Psychiatric Association.Depression: Parents' medication guide.Ramic E, Prasko S, Gavran L, Spahic E.Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care.Mater Sociomed. 2020;32(2):131-134. doi:10.5455/msm.2020.32.131-134Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T.Demystifying serotonin syndrome (orserotonin toxicity).Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(10):720-727.Gabriel M, Sharma V.Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.CMAJ. 2017;189(21):E747. doi:10.1503/cmaj.160991Additional ReadingAmerican Psychiatric Association.Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Zoloft label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Viibryd label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Celexa label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Prozac label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Lexapro label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Paxil label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Trintellix label.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

National Institutes of Health.Commonly prescribed antidepressants and how they work.Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP.Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis.Nutrients. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056Harvard Health Publishing.Serotonin: The natural mood booster.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) information.Marvanova M, Gramith K.Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa.Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(3):127-137. doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127Walitt B, Urrútia G, Nishishinya MB, Cantrell SE, Häuser W.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD011735. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011735Burch R.Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine.Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(4):18. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2Cayan S, Serefoğlu EC.Advances in treating premature ejaculation.F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:55. doi:10.12703/P6-55Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):93-100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551Van Norman GA.Off-label use vs off-label marketing of drugs.JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023;8(2):224-233. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.011Bérard A, Iessa N, Chaabane S, Muanda FT, Boukhris T, Zhao JP.The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;81(4):589-604. doi:10.1111/bcp.12849Knudsen TM, Hansen AV, Garne E, Andersen A-MN.Increased risk of severe congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy–an epidemiological study using validated EUROCAT data.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:333. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-333Bruning AHL, Heller HM, Kieviet N, et al.Antidepressants during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review.Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;189:38-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.022Alwan S, Friedman JM, Chambers C.Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: A review of current evidence.CNS Drugs. 2016;30:499-515. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0338-3Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Wood M.Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and increased risk of psychiatric disorders.BMJ. 2017;358:j3950. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3950Wang J, Cosci F.Neonatal withdrawal syndrome following late in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(5):299-307. doi:10.1159/000516031Orsolini L, Bellantuono C.Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30(1):4-20. doi:10.1002/hup.2451U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications.American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Psychiatric Association.Depression: Parents' medication guide.Ramic E, Prasko S, Gavran L, Spahic E.Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care.Mater Sociomed. 2020;32(2):131-134. doi:10.5455/msm.2020.32.131-134Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T.Demystifying serotonin syndrome (orserotonin toxicity).Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(10):720-727.Gabriel M, Sharma V.Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.CMAJ. 2017;189(21):E747. doi:10.1503/cmaj.160991

National Institutes of Health.Commonly prescribed antidepressants and how they work.

Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP.Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis.Nutrients. 2016;8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056

Harvard Health Publishing.Serotonin: The natural mood booster.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) information.

Marvanova M, Gramith K.Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa.Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(3):127-137. doi:10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127

Walitt B, Urrútia G, Nishishinya MB, Cantrell SE, Häuser W.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD011735. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011735

Burch R.Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine.Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(4):18. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2

Cayan S, Serefoğlu EC.Advances in treating premature ejaculation.F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:55. doi:10.12703/P6-55

Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, et al.Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):93-100. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551

Van Norman GA.Off-label use vs off-label marketing of drugs.JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023;8(2):224-233. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.011

Bérard A, Iessa N, Chaabane S, Muanda FT, Boukhris T, Zhao JP.The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;81(4):589-604. doi:10.1111/bcp.12849

Knudsen TM, Hansen AV, Garne E, Andersen A-MN.Increased risk of severe congenital heart defects in offspring exposed to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy–an epidemiological study using validated EUROCAT data.BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:333. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-333

Bruning AHL, Heller HM, Kieviet N, et al.Antidepressants during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review.Eur J Obst Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;189:38-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.022

Alwan S, Friedman JM, Chambers C.Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: A review of current evidence.CNS Drugs. 2016;30:499-515. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0338-3

Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Wood M.Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and increased risk of psychiatric disorders.BMJ. 2017;358:j3950. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3950

Wang J, Cosci F.Neonatal withdrawal syndrome following late in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(5):299-307. doi:10.1159/000516031

Orsolini L, Bellantuono C.Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30(1):4-20. doi:10.1002/hup.2451

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications.

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Psychiatric Association.Depression: Parents' medication guide.

Ramic E, Prasko S, Gavran L, Spahic E.Assessment of the antidepressant side effects occurrence in patients treated in primary care.Mater Sociomed. 2020;32(2):131-134. doi:10.5455/msm.2020.32.131-134

Foong AL, Grindrod KA, Patel T.Demystifying serotonin syndrome (orserotonin toxicity).Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(10):720-727.

Gabriel M, Sharma V.Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.CMAJ. 2017;189(21):E747. doi:10.1503/cmaj.160991

American Psychiatric Association.Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Zoloft label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Viibryd label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Celexa label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Prozac label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Lexapro label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Paxil label.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Trintellix label.

American Psychiatric Association.Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Zoloft label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Viibryd label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Celexa label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Prozac label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Lexapro label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Paxil label.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Trintellix label.

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