Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSigns & SymptomsStagesLove BombingCausesImpactHow to Break the BondHistory of Trauma Bonding
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Signs & Symptoms
Stages
Love Bombing
Causes
Impact
How to Break the Bond
History of Trauma Bonding
Trauma bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Contrary to the widely popularized use of the term, trauma bonding does not mean the two people are bonding over shared trauma.
A true trauma bond is created due to acycle of abuseand positive reinforcement. After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and otherwise tries to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Ivy Kwong LMFT, a therapist who specializes in healing trauma explains, “A trauma bond develops in relationships where there is a power imbalance and a cycle of reward and punishment. The abuser is in a position of power over the person being abused and alternates between hurting and soothing them.”
Trauma bonding is one reason that leaving an abusive situation can feel confusing and overwhelming. It involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser, making the abused person feel attached to and dependent on the abuser.
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Signs and Symptoms
Because not all abusive situations result in trauma bonding, you may be unsure if this term applies to you.
So, what are signs of trauma bonding? They include the following:
Signs a Relationship Could Turn Violent or Deadly
You may have heard of the seven stages of trauma bonding. Though each trauma bond is unique, they often involve a version of the common patterns listed below.
The 7 Stages of Trauma BondingLove bombingGaining trustCriticismManipulationResignationDistressRepetition
The 7 Stages of Trauma Bonding
Love bombingGaining trustCriticismManipulationResignationDistressRepetition
Love bombingis when a person overwhelms you with grand displays of affection. They might send you extravagant bouquets every day for a week, or tell you that they love you early on in the relationship.
Psychologists note that narcissists and sociopaths may engage in love bombing to gain the other person’s trust.
Gaining Trust
An abuser may perform specific actions in order to be considered trustworthy. If you doubt their trustworthiness, they may become offended that you would doubt them in the first place.
Criticizing the Victim
An abuser often criticizes the victim to the point where the victim even blames themself. In many cases, the victim comes to believe they deserve the criticism—even when they’ve done nothing wrong.
Manipulating the Victim
Resignation
Often known as the fawn response to trauma, after repeated incidents of abuse, a victim often resigns to going along with the abusive behavior. They acquiesce to what the abuser wants. Thefawn responseis often referred to as people-pleasing. However, it’s also a coping mechanism for survival.
Psychological Distress
A victim experiences severe psychological distress as a result of abuse; unfortunately, during this stage, they may also experience emotional numbness, feeling as though they’ve lost who they are, withdrawing from people and activities, and evensuicidal ideation.
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.
For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
The Cycle Repeats
The victim may make excuses for the abuser’s behavior. Things may seem like they’re returning to “normal,” until another incident of abuse occurs.
The cycle of abuse can be broken. Though it may seem impossible at times, many people go on to end abusive relationships and find safety in healthy relationships.
What Causes It?
Trauma bonding can occur in any situation of abuse, no matter how long or short an amount of time it lasts.
There are many types of abusive situations in which trauma bonding can occur, and emotional attachments are common in abusive situations.
Trauma bonds are nothing to be ashamed of, as they result from our brains looking for survival methods. Also referred to as paradoxical attachment,this phenomenon can occur due to a wide variety of situations. Here are the most common ones:
It may be difficult to understand how someone in such a terrible situation like one of the above could have feelings of love, dependence, or concern for the person or people abusing them. While you may not understand it if you’ve never been in a situation yourself that involved cyclical abuse, it’s pretty straightforward.
The bond forms out of the basic human need for attachment as a means of survival. From there, an abuse victim may become dependent on their abuser. Add in a cycle in which an abuser promises never to repeat the abuse and gains the victim’s trust repeatedly, and you have a complex emotional situation that affects even people who seem very emotionally strong.
Why Does Domestic Violence Happen?
Risk Factors for Trauma Bonding
The following may make someone more susceptible to trauma bonding in abusive relationships:
The largest and worst impact of trauma bonding is that the positive feelings developed for an abuser can lead a person to stay in an abusive situation. That can lead to continued abuse at best, and death at worst.
Once separated from the abuser, someone who has trauma bonded to theirs may experience everything from continued trauma to low self-esteem. One study noted that the impact on self-esteem continued even six months after the separation from the abuser.
Additionally, the after-effects of trauma bonding can include depression and anxiety. Experiencing trauma bonding may also increase the likelihood of an intergenerational cycle of abuse.
“The person being abused may feel conflicting feelings like shame, love, self-blame, terror, relief, anxiety, gratitude, and fear towards the perpetrator. They often feel responsible for the feelings of the person who is hurting them and may try to continually please or appease the abuser,” says Kwong. This makes it even more difficult to break the bond.
How to Break The Bond
If you have experienced an abusive situation that led to trauma bonding, your priority now is likely to get past the trauma bond so that you can see the situation for what it was and move past it.
If you are out of the situation already, you might not need to do the first step, or you may have done it. Beyond that, all of the remaining steps can be helpful and useful for anyone who has been on the abused side of a trauma-bonded relationship.
“The first step in healing from trauma bonding is naming it. By acknowledging it exists and being open to breaking the cycle, you are taking a brave step forward toward your healing and freedom,” says Kwong.
Plan for Safety
If you are currently in an abusive situation, you should leave it when you have created a safety plan. This involves having somewhere safe to go with support. You don’t need to figure it out all on your own. There are many support hotlines available that can help you and that offer 24/7 counseling over the phone or the internet.The National Domestic Violence Support HotlineandChildhelp National Child Abuse Hotlineare two examples.
If you or a loved one are a victim of domestic violence or abuse, contact theNational Domestic Violence Hotlineat1-800-799-7233for confidential assistance from trained advocates.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
If you or a loved one are a victim of domestic violence or abuse, contact theNational Domestic Violence Hotlineat1-800-799-7233for confidential assistance from trained advocates.
Therapy
Therapyis an incredible tool for helping people move past trauma. It can not only help you move through the complex and difficult emotions you’re experiencing after leaving an abusive situation, but it can also enable you to make different choices in the future.
It can also help you see warning signs of abuse so that you don’t end up in an abusive situation again. There are many different types of therapy, with trauma therapy always being a top choice for people who have experienced trauma such as abuse.
Positive Self-Talk and Care
Additionally, making a point to be kind to yourself through acts of self-care can also facilitate your healing. Putting yourself in situations where your actions are the reason you feel good can reinforce the idea that you don’t need someone else to make you feel OK. You have autonomy, and the more you remind yourself of that through loving acts, the easier it will be to feel and believe.
Support and Peer Groups
Therapy is a much-needed tool for recovery, but your experience of trauma bonding might be one where therapy alone isn’t enough. In these situations, communing with others who have also gone through something similar can be very helpful. It can help you feel less alone and make you feel less shame for having been abused.
If you don’t feel up to asupport group, consider sharing what you went through with the people you are close to and whom you trust deeply. There isn’t anything to be ashamed of, and the more you hear that, the easier it may be to believe.
Trauma bonding is a human emotional response, not a character flaw, and it can occur within abusive cycles to anyone. Disclosing your experience may provide you with a sense of relief once you see how empathetic those around you are about it.
Carnes defined trauma bonding as “dysfunctional attachments that occur in the presence of danger, shame, or exploitation” and considered it one of nine possible reactions to a traumatic situation.
He surmised that trauma bonding occurs due tothe way our brains handle traumaand that these ways are based on the manners in which we must adapt when we need to survive. He found the two most important aspects of trauma, how people respond to its severity, and how long it continues.
This concept continues to hold today, with therapy nowadays often focusing on how victims can break trauma bonds and not feel shame or guilt over how they reacted to a potentially life-threatening situation.
Before the term trauma bonding, the only term for emotional attachments in abusive situations wasStockholm syndrome. However, that term did not broadly encompass the many different situations in which bonding can occur or the many different ways it can manifest.
Keep in Mind
If you have been in an abusive situation of any sort, you may have experienced trauma bonding. This is nothing to be ashamed of or feel guilt towards. It’s a natural response to trauma, and there is help available for you.
Speaking about your trauma bond with a mental health professional, a support group, and even trusted loved ones can help you realize that you are not to blame for your attachment towards your abuser, and that you can heal from it.
How Trauma Can Affect Your Relationship
10 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Rakovec-Felser Z.Domestic violence and abuse in Intimate relationship from public health perspective.Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(3):1821. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821Strutzenberg CC, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Jozkowski KN, Becnel JN.Love-bombing: A Narcissistic Approach to Relationship Formation.Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences.2017;18(1), 81-89.Zingela Z, Stroud L, Cronje J, Fink M, van Wyk S.The psychological and subjective experience of catatonia: a qualitative study.BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):173. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00885-7Thornberry TP, Henry KL, Smith CA, Ireland TO, Greenman SJ, Lee RD.Breaking the cycle of maltreatment: the role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships.J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S25-S31. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.019Dutton DG, Painter S.Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory.Violence Vict. 1993;8(2):105-120.Lahousen T, Unterrainer HF, Kapfhammer HP.Psychobiology of attachment and trauma-some general remarks from a clinical perspective.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:914. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, et al.Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: results from a multisite case control study.Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1089-1097. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.7.1089Van Wert M, Anreiter I, Fallon BA, Sokolowski MB.Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: a transdisciplinary analysis.Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:247028971982610. doi:10.1177/2470289719826101Xiang Y, Wang W, Guan F.The relationship between child maltreatment and dispositional envy and the mediating effect of self-esteem and social support in young adults.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1054. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01054New Leaf Center.Trauma bonds: why people bond to those who hurt them.
10 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Rakovec-Felser Z.Domestic violence and abuse in Intimate relationship from public health perspective.Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(3):1821. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821Strutzenberg CC, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Jozkowski KN, Becnel JN.Love-bombing: A Narcissistic Approach to Relationship Formation.Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences.2017;18(1), 81-89.Zingela Z, Stroud L, Cronje J, Fink M, van Wyk S.The psychological and subjective experience of catatonia: a qualitative study.BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):173. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00885-7Thornberry TP, Henry KL, Smith CA, Ireland TO, Greenman SJ, Lee RD.Breaking the cycle of maltreatment: the role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships.J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S25-S31. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.019Dutton DG, Painter S.Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory.Violence Vict. 1993;8(2):105-120.Lahousen T, Unterrainer HF, Kapfhammer HP.Psychobiology of attachment and trauma-some general remarks from a clinical perspective.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:914. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, et al.Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: results from a multisite case control study.Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1089-1097. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.7.1089Van Wert M, Anreiter I, Fallon BA, Sokolowski MB.Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: a transdisciplinary analysis.Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:247028971982610. doi:10.1177/2470289719826101Xiang Y, Wang W, Guan F.The relationship between child maltreatment and dispositional envy and the mediating effect of self-esteem and social support in young adults.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1054. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01054New Leaf Center.Trauma bonds: why people bond to those who hurt them.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Rakovec-Felser Z.Domestic violence and abuse in Intimate relationship from public health perspective.Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(3):1821. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821Strutzenberg CC, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Jozkowski KN, Becnel JN.Love-bombing: A Narcissistic Approach to Relationship Formation.Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences.2017;18(1), 81-89.Zingela Z, Stroud L, Cronje J, Fink M, van Wyk S.The psychological and subjective experience of catatonia: a qualitative study.BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):173. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00885-7Thornberry TP, Henry KL, Smith CA, Ireland TO, Greenman SJ, Lee RD.Breaking the cycle of maltreatment: the role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships.J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S25-S31. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.019Dutton DG, Painter S.Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory.Violence Vict. 1993;8(2):105-120.Lahousen T, Unterrainer HF, Kapfhammer HP.Psychobiology of attachment and trauma-some general remarks from a clinical perspective.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:914. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, et al.Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: results from a multisite case control study.Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1089-1097. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.7.1089Van Wert M, Anreiter I, Fallon BA, Sokolowski MB.Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: a transdisciplinary analysis.Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:247028971982610. doi:10.1177/2470289719826101Xiang Y, Wang W, Guan F.The relationship between child maltreatment and dispositional envy and the mediating effect of self-esteem and social support in young adults.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1054. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01054New Leaf Center.Trauma bonds: why people bond to those who hurt them.
Rakovec-Felser Z.Domestic violence and abuse in Intimate relationship from public health perspective.Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(3):1821. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821
Strutzenberg CC, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Jozkowski KN, Becnel JN.Love-bombing: A Narcissistic Approach to Relationship Formation.Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences.2017;18(1), 81-89.
Zingela Z, Stroud L, Cronje J, Fink M, van Wyk S.The psychological and subjective experience of catatonia: a qualitative study.BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):173. doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00885-7
Thornberry TP, Henry KL, Smith CA, Ireland TO, Greenman SJ, Lee RD.Breaking the cycle of maltreatment: the role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships.J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S25-S31. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.019
Dutton DG, Painter S.Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: a test of traumatic bonding theory.Violence Vict. 1993;8(2):105-120.
Lahousen T, Unterrainer HF, Kapfhammer HP.Psychobiology of attachment and trauma-some general remarks from a clinical perspective.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:914. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914
Campbell JC, Webster D, Koziol-McLain J, et al.Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: results from a multisite case control study.Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1089-1097. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.7.1089
Van Wert M, Anreiter I, Fallon BA, Sokolowski MB.Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: a transdisciplinary analysis.Gender and the Genome. 2019;3:247028971982610. doi:10.1177/2470289719826101
Xiang Y, Wang W, Guan F.The relationship between child maltreatment and dispositional envy and the mediating effect of self-esteem and social support in young adults.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1054. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01054
New Leaf Center.Trauma bonds: why people bond to those who hurt them.
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