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Table of Contents
Signs
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Causes
Treatment
Coping
Helping Others
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A manic episode can leave you feeling like you’re buzzing with energy. It can be disruptive, and it can even lead to impulsive, risky, and downright dangerous behaviors. Recognizing the signs of mania can help you understand when to seek help to get an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Symptoms ofmania can last for a weekor more. Manic episodes may be interspersed with periods ofdepression, with symptoms of fatigue, sadness, and hopelessness. While manic episodes are most common in people withbipolar disorder, there are also other causes for these extreme changes in behavior and mood.
At a GlanceKey signs of a manic episode include elevated mood and energy, reduced need for sleep, excessive talking, and distractability. It can also cause hypersexuality, delusions, hostility, and thoughts of suicide. While often linked to bipolar disorder, it can also be a symptom of other mental health or medical conditions. Treatment may involve antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications. Identifying your triggers can also help you manage your condition.
At a Glance
Key signs of a manic episode include elevated mood and energy, reduced need for sleep, excessive talking, and distractability. It can also cause hypersexuality, delusions, hostility, and thoughts of suicide. While often linked to bipolar disorder, it can also be a symptom of other mental health or medical conditions. Treatment may involve antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications. Identifying your triggers can also help you manage your condition.
Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin
What Is Unipolar Mania?
Signs of Manic Episodes
Symptoms of maniacan vary in intensity, duration, and impact. Manic episode symptoms can be a medical emergency, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and bleeding, which are all symptoms of a serious physical health condition.
Below are some of the common behaviors associated with a manic episode. Many of these behaviors can be easily observed in a loved one, helping you better recognize whether there may be a need for professional help.
Delusions or Hallucinations
If a friend or loved one describes auditory or visualhallucinations(seeing or hearing something that is not there) or shows paranoid or otherdelusional behavior(believing something that isn’t real), contact a doctor or psychiatrist immediately.
Delusions and hallucinations are serious symptoms of mania and require medical attention.
Decreased Need for Sleep
Does your loved one stay awake until 4 a.m., then get up at 8 a.m. ready to go? A decreased need for sleep is common during the emergence of mania symptoms.Sleep problems and bipolar disordercan feed off each other, with manic episodes leading to sleep issues and vice versa.
How Does a Lack of Sleep Affect Your Mental Health?
Being Engaged in Many Activities at Once
A person experiencing a manic episode may be restlessly searching for ways to work off extra energy.This symptom is often described as “multitasking on steroids.” The person may take on many projects, for instance, or experience a burst in productivity that is beyond what they would normally accomplish during a set period.
Talking a Lot or Speaking Loudly
Talking loudly and quickly is a common symptom at the beginning of a manic orhypomanic episode. It’s important to note that, to be categorized as rapid speech, there should be a deviation from the person’s usual speech. Some people naturally talk faster than others, but if someone who usually carefully chooses their words and speaks slowly begins to talk rapidly, be aware.
Pressured Speech in Bipolar Disorder
Easily Distracted
Increased Desire for Sex
Hypersexualityis a common manic or hypomanic symptom.It may include uncharacteristic or risky sexual behavior, such as seeking sex workers, using pornographic websites, having online interactions of a sexual nature, and more.
Increase in Risky Behaviors
Someone experiencing a manic episode may engage in more risky behaviors. These include risky behaviors related to money, such as overspending, going on shopping sprees, orgambling.
Rapid Thinking
Notice if your friend or family member complains that their thoughts are racing uncontrollably.Outwardly, a person with bipolar disorder may appear to be talking fluidly and pleasantly while, on the inside, they are having repetitive, unquieted thoughts.
Don’t be afraid to ask your loved one to elaborate on what they mean if they tell you that theirthoughts are racing.
Flight of Ideas
If someone is entering the manic phase of bipolar disorder, theirflight of ideasmay be hard to follow.If you are finding it hard to make logical sense of the progression of a discussion, take notice.
Flight of ideas might sound something like this: “I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow. What is the purpose of life? Oh, I forgot to feed the cat.”
We all have moments in which our words are thrown together in a non-logical progression. The important thing is to notice achangein your loved one’s presentation of their ideas.
Grandiosity
Grandiosityis defined as an exaggerated sense of importance in power, knowledge, or identity. It may occur in both manic and hypomanic episodes.
Grandiose thinking can be someone believing they’re famous, for instance. Maybe they say something like, “We shouldn’t leave the house today because there might be reporters wanting to talk to me,” when there is no basis in reality for these thoughts.
It’s also possible for someone experiencing a manic episode to have delusions of grandeur. For example, they may make statements like, “We have to move to Yemen this weekend, I’ve been named president there.”
Hostility or Increased Irritability
Irritability and hostility are common during manic episodes. Watch also for unreasonableirritabilityor hostility.Be cautious and get help if you see this type of behavior.
These symptoms are also associated with an increased risk for violence and suicidal behavior.Do not try to handle the situation on your own.
Thoughts of Suicide
In some cases, a manic episode can result in feelings of hopelessness,worthlessness, and/or thoughts about death orsuicide. If your loved one has thoughts of suicide during a manic episode, seek help immediately.
If you or a loved one are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
If you or a loved one are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.
For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
Excessive Religious Dedication
Increased religious zeal or religious involvement can be another manic symptom.Make note of this if you see it.
Religiosity and spirituality are not signs of mental illness. A sudden intense interest or involvement in religion can be, particularly if other signs of mania accompany it.
Religious Delusions in Bipolar Disorder
Bright Clothing
During a manic or hypomanic episode, a person is more likely to wear brightly colored or flamboyant clothing.A change in how a person dresses may also reflect other symptoms, like having a preference for more revealing clothing due to hypersexuality.
Of course, most people who wear bright-colored clothing are not experiencing a manic or hypomanic episode. But clothing can be a subtle clue if bright choices coincide with other manic or hypomanic symptoms.
Manic Episode Symptoms in ChildrenA child can display signs of mania as well. Unfortunately, with children, thediagnosis of bipolar disorderis relatively rare as the symptoms may be misdiagnosed as a behavioral disorder.If you are concerned about a child in your life, talk to a pediatrician. If the child happens to be a relative or a friend’s child, keep the conversation gentle and thoughtful. You may wish to talk to a mental health professional first for ideas on how to approach the topic.
Manic Episode Symptoms in Children
A child can display signs of mania as well. Unfortunately, with children, thediagnosis of bipolar disorderis relatively rare as the symptoms may be misdiagnosed as a behavioral disorder.If you are concerned about a child in your life, talk to a pediatrician. If the child happens to be a relative or a friend’s child, keep the conversation gentle and thoughtful. You may wish to talk to a mental health professional first for ideas on how to approach the topic.
A child can display signs of mania as well. Unfortunately, with children, thediagnosis of bipolar disorderis relatively rare as the symptoms may be misdiagnosed as a behavioral disorder.
If you are concerned about a child in your life, talk to a pediatrician. If the child happens to be a relative or a friend’s child, keep the conversation gentle and thoughtful. You may wish to talk to a mental health professional first for ideas on how to approach the topic.
How Are Manic Episodes Diagnosed?
For manic episodes to bediagnosed with bipolar disorder, a person must have a sustained and abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week. The mania must be severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization. They must also have at least three of the following symptoms:
What Causes Manic Episodes?
Treatment of Manic Episodes
While there is no cure for manic episodes, a combination of medication, therapy, andlifestyle changescan help people manage symptoms and avoidtriggers.
Medication
An acute manic episode is often treated with an antipsychotic, while long-term treatment may involvemood stabilizersto prevent future episodes.
Antipsychotics may include:
Mood stabilizers may include:
If you or someone you love is experiencing changes in sleep (being awake for extended periods of time), sleep medication may also be prescribed short-term.
Therapy
Psychotherapy with a trained mental health professional can help you identify when your moods are changing, as well as identify triggers that lead to manic episodes. This professional can also support medication compliance and provide skills to cope with these episodes and improve your quality of life.
Some common therapeutic approaches include:
Support Groups
Support is a crucial part of managing manic episodes. You may consider joining asupport group for people with bipolar disorder, especially if you lack resources like supportive friends and family.
Treating Bipolar Disorder
Coping With Manic Episodes
Beyond medication and therapy, a few relatively simple lifestyle changes can help in the management of manic episodes. Here are some to consider.
Talk to your health provider about which complementary techniques might work for you.
Helping Loved Ones With Manic Episodes
If you care for a loved one with bipolar disorder, practicingself-careis important. Look after your own health and well-being so you can have the mental and physical strength needed to help them better handle their manic episodes and other bipolar symptoms.
Also, be vigilant in observing behavior that resembles any of the signs of a manic episode. You might even try asking your loved one to share their experiences so you can journal and record their symptoms for them.
It can also be helpful to learn more about the disorder. Resources like theDepression and Bipolar Support Alliance: DBSAand theNAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illnesscan help. This can help you gain a better understanding of manic episodes, their causes and effects.
If you or a loved one are struggling with mania, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
If you or a loved one are struggling with mania, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.
18 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Fu-I L, Gurgel WS, Caetano SC, Machado-Vieira R, Wang YP.Psychotic and affective symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder: an observational study of patients in first manic episode.Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(2):168-174. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0455Gold AK, Sylvia LG.The role of sleep in bipolar disorder.Nat Sci Sleep. 2016;8:207-14. doi:10.2147/NSS.S85754Machado-Vieira R, Luckenbaugh DA, Ballard ED, et al.Increased activity or energy as a primary criterion for the diagnosis of bipolar mania in DSM-5: Findings from the STEP-BD study.Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(1):70-76. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091132Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, et al.Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036Downey J, Friedman RC, Haase E, Goldenberg D, Bell R, Edsall S.Comparison of sexual experience and behavior between bipolar outpatients and outpatients without mood disorders.Psychiatry J. 2016;2016:5839181. doi:10.1155/2016/5839181Santana RP, Kerr-Gaffney J, Ancane A, Young AH.Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: State or trait?Brain Sci. 2022;12(10):1351. doi:10.3390/brainsci12101351Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL.Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion.Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:126-136. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006Isham L, Griffith L, Boylan AM, et al.Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study.Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(1):119-140. doi:10.1111/papt.12260Faurholt-Jepsen M, Frost M, Christensen EM, Bardram JE, Vinberg M, Kessing LV.The association between mixed symptoms, irritability and functioning measured using smartphones in bipolar disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(5):443-453. doi:10.1111/acps.13021Drachman R, Colic L, Sankar A, et al.Rethinking “aggression” and impulsivity in bipolar disorder: Risk, clinical and brain circuitry features.J Affect Disord. 2022;303:331-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.047Abdel Hamid AAL, Nasreldin M, Gohar SM, Saleh AA, Tarek MA.Sexual and religious obsessions in relation to suicidal ideation in bipolar disorder.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019. doi:10.1111/sltb.12540Hosang GM, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Ronald A.Characterization and structure of hypomania in a British nonclinical adolescent sample.J Affect Disord. 2017;207:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.033Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance manic episode.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Wilson JE, Nian H, Heckers S.The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(1):29-34. doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0410-7National Institute of Mental Health.Bipolar disorder.Gica Ş, Selvı Y.Sleep interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2021;58(Suppl 1):S53-S60. doi:10.29399/npa.27467Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al.Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
18 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Fu-I L, Gurgel WS, Caetano SC, Machado-Vieira R, Wang YP.Psychotic and affective symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder: an observational study of patients in first manic episode.Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(2):168-174. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0455Gold AK, Sylvia LG.The role of sleep in bipolar disorder.Nat Sci Sleep. 2016;8:207-14. doi:10.2147/NSS.S85754Machado-Vieira R, Luckenbaugh DA, Ballard ED, et al.Increased activity or energy as a primary criterion for the diagnosis of bipolar mania in DSM-5: Findings from the STEP-BD study.Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(1):70-76. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091132Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, et al.Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036Downey J, Friedman RC, Haase E, Goldenberg D, Bell R, Edsall S.Comparison of sexual experience and behavior between bipolar outpatients and outpatients without mood disorders.Psychiatry J. 2016;2016:5839181. doi:10.1155/2016/5839181Santana RP, Kerr-Gaffney J, Ancane A, Young AH.Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: State or trait?Brain Sci. 2022;12(10):1351. doi:10.3390/brainsci12101351Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL.Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion.Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:126-136. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006Isham L, Griffith L, Boylan AM, et al.Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study.Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(1):119-140. doi:10.1111/papt.12260Faurholt-Jepsen M, Frost M, Christensen EM, Bardram JE, Vinberg M, Kessing LV.The association between mixed symptoms, irritability and functioning measured using smartphones in bipolar disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(5):443-453. doi:10.1111/acps.13021Drachman R, Colic L, Sankar A, et al.Rethinking “aggression” and impulsivity in bipolar disorder: Risk, clinical and brain circuitry features.J Affect Disord. 2022;303:331-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.047Abdel Hamid AAL, Nasreldin M, Gohar SM, Saleh AA, Tarek MA.Sexual and religious obsessions in relation to suicidal ideation in bipolar disorder.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019. doi:10.1111/sltb.12540Hosang GM, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Ronald A.Characterization and structure of hypomania in a British nonclinical adolescent sample.J Affect Disord. 2017;207:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.033Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance manic episode.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Wilson JE, Nian H, Heckers S.The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(1):29-34. doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0410-7National Institute of Mental Health.Bipolar disorder.Gica Ş, Selvı Y.Sleep interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2021;58(Suppl 1):S53-S60. doi:10.29399/npa.27467Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al.Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Fu-I L, Gurgel WS, Caetano SC, Machado-Vieira R, Wang YP.Psychotic and affective symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder: an observational study of patients in first manic episode.Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(2):168-174. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0455Gold AK, Sylvia LG.The role of sleep in bipolar disorder.Nat Sci Sleep. 2016;8:207-14. doi:10.2147/NSS.S85754Machado-Vieira R, Luckenbaugh DA, Ballard ED, et al.Increased activity or energy as a primary criterion for the diagnosis of bipolar mania in DSM-5: Findings from the STEP-BD study.Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(1):70-76. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091132Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, et al.Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036Downey J, Friedman RC, Haase E, Goldenberg D, Bell R, Edsall S.Comparison of sexual experience and behavior between bipolar outpatients and outpatients without mood disorders.Psychiatry J. 2016;2016:5839181. doi:10.1155/2016/5839181Santana RP, Kerr-Gaffney J, Ancane A, Young AH.Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: State or trait?Brain Sci. 2022;12(10):1351. doi:10.3390/brainsci12101351Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL.Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion.Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:126-136. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006Isham L, Griffith L, Boylan AM, et al.Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study.Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(1):119-140. doi:10.1111/papt.12260Faurholt-Jepsen M, Frost M, Christensen EM, Bardram JE, Vinberg M, Kessing LV.The association between mixed symptoms, irritability and functioning measured using smartphones in bipolar disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(5):443-453. doi:10.1111/acps.13021Drachman R, Colic L, Sankar A, et al.Rethinking “aggression” and impulsivity in bipolar disorder: Risk, clinical and brain circuitry features.J Affect Disord. 2022;303:331-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.047Abdel Hamid AAL, Nasreldin M, Gohar SM, Saleh AA, Tarek MA.Sexual and religious obsessions in relation to suicidal ideation in bipolar disorder.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019. doi:10.1111/sltb.12540Hosang GM, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Ronald A.Characterization and structure of hypomania in a British nonclinical adolescent sample.J Affect Disord. 2017;207:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.033Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance manic episode.American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.Wilson JE, Nian H, Heckers S.The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(1):29-34. doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0410-7National Institute of Mental Health.Bipolar disorder.Gica Ş, Selvı Y.Sleep interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2021;58(Suppl 1):S53-S60. doi:10.29399/npa.27467Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al.Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
Fu-I L, Gurgel WS, Caetano SC, Machado-Vieira R, Wang YP.Psychotic and affective symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder: an observational study of patients in first manic episode.Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(2):168-174. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0455
Gold AK, Sylvia LG.The role of sleep in bipolar disorder.Nat Sci Sleep. 2016;8:207-14. doi:10.2147/NSS.S85754
Machado-Vieira R, Luckenbaugh DA, Ballard ED, et al.Increased activity or energy as a primary criterion for the diagnosis of bipolar mania in DSM-5: Findings from the STEP-BD study.Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(1):70-76. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091132
Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, et al.Investigating misophonia: A review of the empirical literature, clinical implications, and a research agenda.Front Neurosci. 2018;12:36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036
Downey J, Friedman RC, Haase E, Goldenberg D, Bell R, Edsall S.Comparison of sexual experience and behavior between bipolar outpatients and outpatients without mood disorders.Psychiatry J. 2016;2016:5839181. doi:10.1155/2016/5839181
Santana RP, Kerr-Gaffney J, Ancane A, Young AH.Impulsivity in bipolar disorder: State or trait?Brain Sci. 2022;12(10):1351. doi:10.3390/brainsci12101351
Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL.Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion.Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:126-136. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006
Isham L, Griffith L, Boylan AM, et al.Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study.Psychol Psychother. 2021;94(1):119-140. doi:10.1111/papt.12260
Faurholt-Jepsen M, Frost M, Christensen EM, Bardram JE, Vinberg M, Kessing LV.The association between mixed symptoms, irritability and functioning measured using smartphones in bipolar disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(5):443-453. doi:10.1111/acps.13021
Drachman R, Colic L, Sankar A, et al.Rethinking “aggression” and impulsivity in bipolar disorder: Risk, clinical and brain circuitry features.J Affect Disord. 2022;303:331-339. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.047
Abdel Hamid AAL, Nasreldin M, Gohar SM, Saleh AA, Tarek MA.Sexual and religious obsessions in relation to suicidal ideation in bipolar disorder.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019. doi:10.1111/sltb.12540
Hosang GM, Cardno AG, Freeman D, Ronald A.Characterization and structure of hypomania in a British nonclinical adolescent sample.J Affect Disord. 2017;207:228-235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.033
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance manic episode.
American Psychiatric Association (APA).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision. Washington, D.C.; 2022.
Wilson JE, Nian H, Heckers S.The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(1):29-34. doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0410-7
National Institute of Mental Health.Bipolar disorder.
Gica Ş, Selvı Y.Sleep interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2021;58(Suppl 1):S53-S60. doi:10.29399/npa.27467
Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al.Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review.J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006
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