The Risks of THC Oil

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOverviewRisksSignsOther ConcernsAddiction and WithdrawalHow to Get Help

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Overview

Risks

Signs

Other Concerns

Addiction and Withdrawal

How to Get Help

What is the most important information I should know about THC oil?Vaping THC oil can harm the lungs and has been associated with serious lung injuries and deaths. It also carries an increased risk for cognitive impairments, dependence, and psychiatric symptoms.The CDC and FDA recommend avoiding all e-cigarette and vaping products, especially those containing THC oil.Using THC can lead to addiction, but there are treatments available that can help.While state laws vary, all products that contain more than 0.3% THC are illegal according to federal law.

What is the most important information I should know about THC oil?

Vaping THC oil can harm the lungs and has been associated with serious lung injuries and deaths. It also carries an increased risk for cognitive impairments, dependence, and psychiatric symptoms.The CDC and FDA recommend avoiding all e-cigarette and vaping products, especially those containing THC oil.Using THC can lead to addiction, but there are treatments available that can help.While state laws vary, all products that contain more than 0.3% THC are illegal according to federal law.

Vaping THC oil involves heating the oil and inhaling it through a vaporizing device like a vape pen or e-cigarette. Many healthcare providers are concerned about the health-related effects of this THC product type.

Marijuana usecarries many risks, including addiction. Keep reading to learn more about the risks of THC oil, how to spot the signs that someone you know might have a marijuana addiction, and how you can get help with addiction, withdrawal, and recovery.

Overview of THC Oil

While some states have legalized the medical and recreational use of marijuana and marijuana products, it is still illegal according to federal law. Marijuana use in any form also comes with short-term and long-term health risks.

Off-Label Uses for THCThe FDA has approved a few THC-containing medications for use with certain medical conditions, such as those related to cancer,AIDS, andepilepsy.However, these medications use purified chemicals that are either derived from or based on those contained within the marijuana plant.Because the long-term impact of marijuana use in less-purified forms is unknown, the FDA does not approve of THC use in any form beyond these medications. This would include vaping THC oil.

Off-Label Uses for THC

The FDA has approved a few THC-containing medications for use with certain medical conditions, such as those related to cancer,AIDS, andepilepsy.However, these medications use purified chemicals that are either derived from or based on those contained within the marijuana plant.Because the long-term impact of marijuana use in less-purified forms is unknown, the FDA does not approve of THC use in any form beyond these medications. This would include vaping THC oil.

The FDA has approved a few THC-containing medications for use with certain medical conditions, such as those related to cancer,AIDS, andepilepsy.However, these medications use purified chemicals that are either derived from or based on those contained within the marijuana plant.

Because the long-term impact of marijuana use in less-purified forms is unknown, the FDA does not approve of THC use in any form beyond these medications. This would include vaping THC oil.

Risks of THC Oil

Research suggests that vaping THC oil, especially oil that contains vitamin E acetate, can be particularly harmful to the lungs.Vitamin E acetate, which is regularly added to THC when preparing it for use ine-cigarettesand vaping devices, is especially harmful when it’s inhaled.

In 2019, the dangers of vaping came to light. In September of that year, health officials began investigating an outbreak of a severe lung disease associated with vaping and e-cigarettes. By December, 2,561 cases of the lung disease, often referred to as e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI), had resulted in hospitalization or death.

Avoid Vaping THC Due to High Risk of Lung InjuryNearly 70 deaths have been confirmed from EVALI, spanning 29 states and the District of Columbia.Additionally, 82% of people hospitalized reported using THC-containing products, with 33% reporting the use of these products exclusively.Currently, the CDC recommends that people avoid using e-cigarettes and vaping products—particularly those that contain THC oil.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has joined the CDC in this recommendation.

Avoid Vaping THC Due to High Risk of Lung Injury

Nearly 70 deaths have been confirmed from EVALI, spanning 29 states and the District of Columbia.Additionally, 82% of people hospitalized reported using THC-containing products, with 33% reporting the use of these products exclusively.Currently, the CDC recommends that people avoid using e-cigarettes and vaping products—particularly those that contain THC oil.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has joined the CDC in this recommendation.

Nearly 70 deaths have been confirmed from EVALI, spanning 29 states and the District of Columbia.Additionally, 82% of people hospitalized reported using THC-containing products, with 33% reporting the use of these products exclusively.

Currently, the CDC recommends that people avoid using e-cigarettes and vaping products—particularly those that contain THC oil.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has joined the CDC in this recommendation.

Vaping THC oil just once can significantly impact your lungs. A study in theJournal of the American Medical Associationfound that first-time and infrequent users of marijuana were more likely to experience adverse reactions from vaping THC oil.

Marijuana concentrates, such as those used in vaping, also have incredibly high THC levels—up to four times as high as those found in top-shelf marijuana. This may also explain why their effects are more enhanced. Research suggests that some forms of THC oil contain THC levels up to 70%, compared to 30% in dried flower forms of marijuana. Regularly using such products increases the risks of cognitive impairment, dependence, psychosis, and withdrawal symptoms.

Other Risks of Vaping THC Oil

There are a number of other risks that have been associated specifically with marijuana use. Among them are:

Longer-lasting side effects of marijuana use include learning, memory, and sleep issues. People who use marijuana repeatedly over time may also experience effects such as:

Vaping can injure the lungs, resulting in symptoms such as a rapid onset cough, breathing troubles,nausea,vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.Vaping cannabis is also associated with cognitive impairments and an increased risk for dependence, particularly among young people.

Signs of THC Oil Use

How do you know if someone in your life might be vaping THC oil? Signs of marijuana use can include:

Marijuana vaping use is on the rise, particularly in certain age groups. For instance, the number of college-age students who’ve vaped in the past month increased from 5.2% to 14% in just two years' time.A 2022 study adds that the number of teens vaping cannabis in the last 30 days increased seven-fold from 2013 to 2020.

How to Recognize THC Vaping Oil & DevicesThe appearance of THC oil vaping devices can vary, ranging from having a pen-like shape to being rectangular or oval. The oil either comes pre-filled in the device or is sold in compact containers (pods) for refillable devices. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a helpfulvisual dictionaryfor identifying both THC vaping devices and oils.

How to Recognize THC Vaping Oil & Devices

The appearance of THC oil vaping devices can vary, ranging from having a pen-like shape to being rectangular or oval. The oil either comes pre-filled in the device or is sold in compact containers (pods) for refillable devices. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a helpfulvisual dictionaryfor identifying both THC vaping devices and oils.

Other Concerns About THC Oil

There are a couple of misconceptions surrounding both THC and vaping.

THC Is Not the Same as CBD

Some people confuse THC withCBD(cannabidiol), another cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. However, it’s important to note thatCBD oiland THC oil impact the body in completely different ways.

One notable difference is that while THC has psychoactive properties, CBD does not. As a result, CBD does not make you intoxicated. CBD is also believed to work with other receptors in the body to produce an overall feeling of well-being.

There are also legality differences. As of April 2024, 38 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia have approved the use of marijuana for medical purposes. As of November 2023, 24 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia have approved marijuana for recreational use.

Even though these states and territories allow marijuana use for medical or recreational purposes, it is still illegal under federal law.

Conversely, the 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp (of which CBD oil is a derivative) from the definition of marijuana, making it legal federally as long as it contains 0.3% THC or less.

CBD vs THC: What’s the Difference?

Vaping THC Is Not Safer Than Smoking It

It is a common misconception that vaping is less risky than smoking. A 2018 Gallup Poll found that most Americans believe that vaping is less harmful than smoking, with 40% of the respondents indicating that marijuana was “not too” harmful.Some think this because vaping involves inhaling vapor rather than smoke. The issue is that there isn’t enough research to support this belief.

Risks of Vaping THCResearch indicates that the dangers of vaping include:having no regulation of the compounds in vaping products (so you don’t know what you’re getting)the fact that vaping delivers a larger amount of THC;and the potential of heating coils in vaping devices to increase exposure to carcinogens.

Risks of Vaping THC

Research indicates that the dangers of vaping include:having no regulation of the compounds in vaping products (so you don’t know what you’re getting)the fact that vaping delivers a larger amount of THC;and the potential of heating coils in vaping devices to increase exposure to carcinogens.

Research indicates that the dangers of vaping include:

Other health experts warn that vaping marijuana may even damage the lungs more so than smoking or vaping nicotine.This doesn’t mean that vaping nicotine is safe, but that vaping THC oil is thought to create a greater amount of lung damage.

A study published inAddictionadds that while vaping nicotine may be safer than smoking cigarettes, the same may not hold true when it comes to marijuana.In fact, additives like vitamin E acetate may make this delivery method evenmoredangerous than smoking marijuana, putting the person’s lungs at a greater risk for injury.

Vaping THC oil is not safer than smoking, and may lead to increased exposure to carcinogens, greater lung damage, and an increased risk for serious lung injury.

Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal

If you vape THC oil regularly, you may develop a tolerance, potentially through the way cannabis creates neuroadaptive changes in the brain.Vaping THC oil can alsolead to a substance use disorder.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) estimates that between 9% and 30% of people who use marijuana develop some sort of substance use disorder.Also, people who begin using marijuana before they turn 18 are four to seven times more likely than adults to developcannabis use disorder.

Vaping THC can lead to dependence, addiction, and withdrawal.

Addiction

The National Institute on Drug Abuse shares that cannabis use disorder can turn into amarijuana addictionif the usage of this drug cannot be stopped even when it interferes with various aspects of your life.This could include causing issues at work, school, or home.

Additionally, because some confuse dependence with addiction, it is unclear exactly how many people may be addicted to marijuana. Though, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) estimates that one in 10 people using marijuana will develop an addiction.

In a survey of 9,003 U.S. adults, one-half of them said that they felt that addiction is a risk of marijuana use.

Withdrawal

People with a history of long-term marijuana use (including vaping THC oil) may experience mild withdrawal symptoms if they stop. These include:

Symptoms such as these can make it difficult to quit using marijuana. Though they are typically mild, if they are bothersome or severe, talk to your healthcare provider. They may be able to help.

What Do Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms Feel Like?

Several options exist for people who want help with their marijuana use. Ones that seem to provide the best outcome include:

Recovery from THC Oil Use

In addition to exploring your treatment options, it can also be helpful to enlist support resources as you recover from an addiction to THC oil. Options include:

If you or a loved one is struggling with substance use or addiction, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

Is Marijuana Addictive?

30 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: What is marijuana?Zou S, Kumar U.Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: Signaling and function in the central nervous system.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833. doi:10.3390/ijms19030833National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: Is marijuana safe and effective as medicine?.DiPasquale M, Gbadamosi O, Nguyen MHL, et al.A mechanical mechanism for vitamin E acetate in e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury.Chem Res Toxicol.2020;33(9):2432-2440. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00212Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC, States update number of hospitalized EVALI cases and EVALI deaths.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette or Vaping Products.Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, et al.Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, August 2019–January 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2020;69:90-94.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Vaping illness update: FDA warns public to stop using tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping products and any vaping products obtained off the street.Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, et al.Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: A crossover trial.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184841. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, et al.Trends and socio-demographic differences of cannabis vaping in the USA and Canada.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14394. doi:10.3390/ijerph192114394National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana facts for teens.Chadi N, Minato C, Stanwick R.Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend.Paediatr Child Health. 2020;25(Suppl 1):S16-S20. doi:10.1093/pch/pxaa016Chaiton M, Kundu A, Rueda S, Di Ciano P.Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis?Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):293-296. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00565-wBraymiller J, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal A.Assessment of nicotine and cannabis vaping and respiratory symptoms in young adults.JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030189. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30189National Institutes of Health.Vaping, marijuana use in 2019 rose in college-age adults.Lim C, Sun T, Leung J.Prevalence of adolescent cannabis vaping: A systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies.JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(1):42-51. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4102National Conference of State Legislatures.State medical cannabis laws.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Hemp production and the 2018 Farm Bill.Gallup.Americans say marijuana, vaping less harmful than tobacco.Laucks P, Salzman G.The dangers of vaping.Mo Med. 2020;117(2):159-64.Michigan News.Vaping marijuana associated with more symptoms of lung damage than vaping or smoking nicotine. University of Michigan.Budney AJ, Sargent JD, Lee DC.Vaping cannabis (marijuana): Parallel concerns to e-cigs?.Addiction. 2015;110(11):1699-704. doi:10.1111/add.13036Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Theunissen EL.Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance.Europ Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;36:191-205. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana DrugFacts: What is marijuana?.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Is marijuana addictive.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Learn about marijuana risks.Keyhani S, Steigerwald S, Ishida J, et al.Risks and benefits of marijuana use: A national survey of U.S. adults.Ann Intern Med. 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0810National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Available treatments for marijuana use disorders.Herron AJ, Brennan TK.The ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Edition; 2015.Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF.Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(5):481-489. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434

30 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: What is marijuana?Zou S, Kumar U.Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: Signaling and function in the central nervous system.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833. doi:10.3390/ijms19030833National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: Is marijuana safe and effective as medicine?.DiPasquale M, Gbadamosi O, Nguyen MHL, et al.A mechanical mechanism for vitamin E acetate in e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury.Chem Res Toxicol.2020;33(9):2432-2440. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00212Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC, States update number of hospitalized EVALI cases and EVALI deaths.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette or Vaping Products.Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, et al.Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, August 2019–January 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2020;69:90-94.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Vaping illness update: FDA warns public to stop using tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping products and any vaping products obtained off the street.Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, et al.Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: A crossover trial.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184841. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, et al.Trends and socio-demographic differences of cannabis vaping in the USA and Canada.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14394. doi:10.3390/ijerph192114394National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana facts for teens.Chadi N, Minato C, Stanwick R.Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend.Paediatr Child Health. 2020;25(Suppl 1):S16-S20. doi:10.1093/pch/pxaa016Chaiton M, Kundu A, Rueda S, Di Ciano P.Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis?Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):293-296. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00565-wBraymiller J, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal A.Assessment of nicotine and cannabis vaping and respiratory symptoms in young adults.JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030189. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30189National Institutes of Health.Vaping, marijuana use in 2019 rose in college-age adults.Lim C, Sun T, Leung J.Prevalence of adolescent cannabis vaping: A systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies.JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(1):42-51. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4102National Conference of State Legislatures.State medical cannabis laws.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Hemp production and the 2018 Farm Bill.Gallup.Americans say marijuana, vaping less harmful than tobacco.Laucks P, Salzman G.The dangers of vaping.Mo Med. 2020;117(2):159-64.Michigan News.Vaping marijuana associated with more symptoms of lung damage than vaping or smoking nicotine. University of Michigan.Budney AJ, Sargent JD, Lee DC.Vaping cannabis (marijuana): Parallel concerns to e-cigs?.Addiction. 2015;110(11):1699-704. doi:10.1111/add.13036Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Theunissen EL.Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance.Europ Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;36:191-205. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana DrugFacts: What is marijuana?.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Is marijuana addictive.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Learn about marijuana risks.Keyhani S, Steigerwald S, Ishida J, et al.Risks and benefits of marijuana use: A national survey of U.S. adults.Ann Intern Med. 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0810National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Available treatments for marijuana use disorders.Herron AJ, Brennan TK.The ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Edition; 2015.Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF.Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(5):481-489. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: What is marijuana?Zou S, Kumar U.Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: Signaling and function in the central nervous system.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833. doi:10.3390/ijms19030833National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: Is marijuana safe and effective as medicine?.DiPasquale M, Gbadamosi O, Nguyen MHL, et al.A mechanical mechanism for vitamin E acetate in e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury.Chem Res Toxicol.2020;33(9):2432-2440. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00212Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC, States update number of hospitalized EVALI cases and EVALI deaths.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette or Vaping Products.Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, et al.Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, August 2019–January 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2020;69:90-94.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Vaping illness update: FDA warns public to stop using tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping products and any vaping products obtained off the street.Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, et al.Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: A crossover trial.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184841. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, et al.Trends and socio-demographic differences of cannabis vaping in the USA and Canada.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14394. doi:10.3390/ijerph192114394National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana facts for teens.Chadi N, Minato C, Stanwick R.Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend.Paediatr Child Health. 2020;25(Suppl 1):S16-S20. doi:10.1093/pch/pxaa016Chaiton M, Kundu A, Rueda S, Di Ciano P.Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis?Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):293-296. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00565-wBraymiller J, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal A.Assessment of nicotine and cannabis vaping and respiratory symptoms in young adults.JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030189. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30189National Institutes of Health.Vaping, marijuana use in 2019 rose in college-age adults.Lim C, Sun T, Leung J.Prevalence of adolescent cannabis vaping: A systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies.JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(1):42-51. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4102National Conference of State Legislatures.State medical cannabis laws.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Hemp production and the 2018 Farm Bill.Gallup.Americans say marijuana, vaping less harmful than tobacco.Laucks P, Salzman G.The dangers of vaping.Mo Med. 2020;117(2):159-64.Michigan News.Vaping marijuana associated with more symptoms of lung damage than vaping or smoking nicotine. University of Michigan.Budney AJ, Sargent JD, Lee DC.Vaping cannabis (marijuana): Parallel concerns to e-cigs?.Addiction. 2015;110(11):1699-704. doi:10.1111/add.13036Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Theunissen EL.Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance.Europ Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;36:191-205. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana DrugFacts: What is marijuana?.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Is marijuana addictive.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Learn about marijuana risks.Keyhani S, Steigerwald S, Ishida J, et al.Risks and benefits of marijuana use: A national survey of U.S. adults.Ann Intern Med. 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0810National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Available treatments for marijuana use disorders.Herron AJ, Brennan TK.The ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Edition; 2015.Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF.Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(5):481-489. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: What is marijuana?

Zou S, Kumar U.Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: Signaling and function in the central nervous system.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833. doi:10.3390/ijms19030833

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana research report: Is marijuana safe and effective as medicine?.

DiPasquale M, Gbadamosi O, Nguyen MHL, et al.A mechanical mechanism for vitamin E acetate in e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury.Chem Res Toxicol.2020;33(9):2432-2440. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00212

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC, States update number of hospitalized EVALI cases and EVALI deaths.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette or Vaping Products.

Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, et al.Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, August 2019–January 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2020;69:90-94.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Vaping illness update: FDA warns public to stop using tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing vaping products and any vaping products obtained off the street.

Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, et al.Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: A crossover trial.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184841. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841

Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, et al.Trends and socio-demographic differences of cannabis vaping in the USA and Canada.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14394. doi:10.3390/ijerph192114394

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana facts for teens.

Chadi N, Minato C, Stanwick R.Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend.Paediatr Child Health. 2020;25(Suppl 1):S16-S20. doi:10.1093/pch/pxaa016

Chaiton M, Kundu A, Rueda S, Di Ciano P.Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis?Can J Public Health. 2022;113(2):293-296. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00565-w

Braymiller J, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal A.Assessment of nicotine and cannabis vaping and respiratory symptoms in young adults.JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030189. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30189

National Institutes of Health.Vaping, marijuana use in 2019 rose in college-age adults.

Lim C, Sun T, Leung J.Prevalence of adolescent cannabis vaping: A systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies.JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(1):42-51. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4102

National Conference of State Legislatures.State medical cannabis laws.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Hemp production and the 2018 Farm Bill.

Gallup.Americans say marijuana, vaping less harmful than tobacco.

Laucks P, Salzman G.The dangers of vaping.Mo Med. 2020;117(2):159-64.

Michigan News.Vaping marijuana associated with more symptoms of lung damage than vaping or smoking nicotine. University of Michigan.

Budney AJ, Sargent JD, Lee DC.Vaping cannabis (marijuana): Parallel concerns to e-cigs?.Addiction. 2015;110(11):1699-704. doi:10.1111/add.13036

Ramaekers JG, Mason NL, Theunissen EL.Blunted highs: Pharmacodynamic and behavioral models of cannabis tolerance.Europ Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;36:191-205. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.006

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana DrugFacts: What is marijuana?.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Is marijuana addictive.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Learn about marijuana risks.

Keyhani S, Steigerwald S, Ishida J, et al.Risks and benefits of marijuana use: A national survey of U.S. adults.Ann Intern Med. 2018. doi:10.7326/M18-0810

National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana Research Report: Available treatments for marijuana use disorders.

Herron AJ, Brennan TK.The ASAM Essentials of Addiction Medicine, 2nd Edition; 2015.

Brellenthin AG, Koltyn KF.Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(5):481-489. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1185434

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