Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsExercise and Mental IllnessBenefits of ExerciseTypes of Physical ExerciseBefore You BeginStarting an Exercise PlanFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Exercise and Mental Illness
Benefits of Exercise
Types of Physical Exercise
Before You Begin
Starting an Exercise Plan
Frequently Asked Questions
Close
Physical exercise can play an important role in mental well-being and can even relieve symptoms of mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. While the physical health benefits of exercise are frequently discussed, the link between exercise and mental health is often overlooked. Studies suggest that physical exercise may help ward off mental health problems before they start. Research also shows exercise can improve the symptoms of many existingmental illnesses.
How Mental Health Benefits From Physical Exercise
Mental health professionals sometimes prescribe exercise as part of the treatment for specific mental illnesses. Some of the potential mental health effects of exercise include:
Anxiety and Stress
Exercise decreases sensitivity to the body’s reaction to anxiety.Additionally, a regular exercise program can help ease symptoms of other common co-occurring conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Exercise helps promote thegrowth of new neuronsin key areas of the brain, including the hippocampus. Some research suggests that this may play a role in relieving symptoms of some psychiatric conditions including depression and anxiety.Animal studies have found that increased neurogenesis may play a role in calming the brain during times of stress.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Exercise may improve motor skills and executive function for children withADHD. This seems to apply to both moderate and vigorous exercise, and exercising for a longer period of time may lead to better results.Cardio seems to be particularly beneficial for children and adults with ADHD.
Depression
Light, moderate, and vigorous exercise have been shown to reduce the severity ofdepression. In fact, exercise may be as effective as other treatments for depression.It’s possible that regular workouts reduce inflammation, which has a positive effect on people with this condition.
Panic Disorder
For people withpanic disorder, exercise can be a proactive way to release pent-up tension and reduce feelings of fear and worry.Exercise may also decrease the intensity and frequency ofpanic attacksin some cases.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Physical activity may be beneficial for people withPTSD, especially those who have previously struggled with treatment and those withsubthreshold PTSD. Exercise may also help PTSD symptoms like depression, anxiety,sleep issues, and cardiovascular problems.
Mindful MomentNeed a breather? Take this free7-minute meditation focused on mindful walking—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
Mindful Moment
Need a breather? Take this free7-minute meditation focused on mindful walking—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
How Exercise Promotes Positive Well-Being
Exercise can also be used to enhance well-being in people who already feel mentally healthy. Increased physical activity has been found to enhance mood, improve energy levels, and promote quality sleep.
Verywell / Brianna GIlmartin
There are several reasons why physical activity can be good forpsychological well-being:
Why Social Support Is Important for Mental Health
Fortunately, there are many types of exercise that can improve mental health. From weight lifting to running, it’s important to find exercises that you enjoy doing. Here are some types of exercise that can be good for mental health.
Yoga
Yogacan range from gentle to challenging. The most common form of yoga (hatha yoga) involves physical poses (known as asanas), controlled breathing, and periods ofmeditation.
Yoga is a low-risk method for healing the body and mind. Often the positive effects can be felt after just one class.
A 2018 study published inComplementary Therapies in Clinical Practicefound that yoga can help:Decrease physiological arousalLower heart rateLower blood pressureImprove respirationReduce the stress responseReduce depression and anxietyIncrease energy and feelings of well-being
A 2018 study published inComplementary Therapies in Clinical Practicefound that yoga can help:
Tai Chi
Tai Chiis an ancient Chinese martial art that combines meditation and rhythmic breathing in a slow series of graceful body movements and poses (also called forms). Tai Chi has been shown to:
Aerobic Exercise
There is growing research evidence that regular aerobic exercise (such as running, cycling or swimming) is associated with better psychological health.
Although studies have focused on depression, panic disorder, andobsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there’s also some evidence to suggest a positive effect of exercise onsocial phobia.
Both single sessions and long-term programs of aerobic exercise have been shown to provide a positive benefit for psychological health.
Although as little as five to 10 minutes of aerobic exercise can help to improve your mood and reduce your anxiety, regular programs, lasting from 10 to 15 weeks, seem to improve one’s overall mental state.
If you are just starting out with an exercise program, it’s important to consult with your doctor to determine the best form of exercise and intensity level for your physical condition.
Your medical history, currentmedications, and diagnosed conditions can all play a role in your ability to exercise.
A qualified mental health professional can make suggestions about the best strategies for treating your specific condition.
How to Start a Physical Exercise Plan
Once you have obtained your doctor’s approval and recommendations, you will want to decide on an exercise program that’s right for you.
Do you want to take a class? Could it be helpful to hire a trainer at the gym? Do you prefer to go for a walk on your own time while listening to your favorite music? The key to sticking with a program is to find something that you enjoy doing.
When starting a new exercise plan, you may initially feel very motivated. This motivation to exercise can be extremely beneficial in helping you get started on your new exercise plan.
A 2017 study published inMaturitasfound that between two and six hours of exercise each week is best for optimal mental health.
Here are a few tips to start and maintain your exercise plan:
Press Play for Advice on Getting Motivated
Frequently Asked QuestionsPhysical exercise may lessen feelings of anxiety and improve yourresiliency against stress. Exercise is associated with less reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, both of which are associated with thefight-or-flight reaction. Regular physical activity may also have positive effects on the brain, like increased neurogenesis and improvedneurotransmitterlevels.Aerobic (or cardio) exercise involves maintaining an increased heart rate and breathing rate for an extended period of time. This type of workout can offer immediate benefits for your mood, mental clarity, and ability to withstand stress.You may feel animproved mood and euphoric feelingimmediately after you exercise, especially if you’re engaging in moderate activity. You may also experience improved cognitive abilities, like memory, problem-solving skills, and decision-making ability, after just one session.Over time, these positive effects should continue to build, and you may notice improvements as soon as six weeks after starting regular exercise.
Physical exercise may lessen feelings of anxiety and improve yourresiliency against stress. Exercise is associated with less reactivity in the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, both of which are associated with thefight-or-flight reaction. Regular physical activity may also have positive effects on the brain, like increased neurogenesis and improvedneurotransmitterlevels.
Aerobic (or cardio) exercise involves maintaining an increased heart rate and breathing rate for an extended period of time. This type of workout can offer immediate benefits for your mood, mental clarity, and ability to withstand stress.
You may feel animproved mood and euphoric feelingimmediately after you exercise, especially if you’re engaging in moderate activity. You may also experience improved cognitive abilities, like memory, problem-solving skills, and decision-making ability, after just one session.Over time, these positive effects should continue to build, and you may notice improvements as soon as six weeks after starting regular exercise.
18 Effective Stress Relief Strategies
20 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mazyarkin Z, Peleg T, Golani I, Sharony L, Kremer I, Shamir A.Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; A pilot study.J Psychiatr Res. 2019;113:10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.002Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Zhou C, Zhao E, Li Y, Jia Y, Li F.Exercise therapy of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(2):e13461. doi:10.1111/nmo.13461Anderson E, Shivakumar G.Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety.Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:27. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027Schoenfeld TJ, Rada P, Pieruzzini PR, Hsueh B, Gould E.Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus.J Neurosci. 2013;33(18):7770-7777. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5352-12.2013Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk ML.The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord. 2020;24(5):644-654. doi:10.1177/1087054715627489Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, et al.Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7Helgadóttir B, Hallgren M, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y.Training fast or slow? Exercise for depression: A randomized controlled trial.Prev Med. 2016;91:123-131. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.011Paolucci EM, Loukov K, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Oppizzi LM, Umberger R.The effect of physical activity on PTSD.Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2018;39(2):179-187. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M.The cortisol response to exercise in young adults.Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:13. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00013Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS.The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):441-7. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012American Psychological Association.Manage stress: Strengthen your support network. Updated October 2019.Childs E, De wit H.Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults.Front Physiol. 2014;5:161. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00161Domingues RB.Modern postural yoga as a mental health promoting tool: A systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:248-255. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.002Abbott R, Lavretsky H.Tai Chi and Qigong for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):109-19. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.011Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review.BPL. 2017;2(2):127-152. doi:10.3233/BPL-160040Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Hahn K, Gross JJ.MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8(1):65-72. doi:10.1093/scan/nss054Greer TL, Trombello JM, Rethorst CD, et al.Improvements in psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life following exercise augmentation in patients with treatment response but non-remitted major depressive disorder: Results from the TREAD study.Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(9):870-881. doi:10.1002/da.22521Additional ReadingBourne, EJ.The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. 5th ed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2011.
20 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mazyarkin Z, Peleg T, Golani I, Sharony L, Kremer I, Shamir A.Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; A pilot study.J Psychiatr Res. 2019;113:10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.002Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Zhou C, Zhao E, Li Y, Jia Y, Li F.Exercise therapy of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(2):e13461. doi:10.1111/nmo.13461Anderson E, Shivakumar G.Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety.Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:27. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027Schoenfeld TJ, Rada P, Pieruzzini PR, Hsueh B, Gould E.Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus.J Neurosci. 2013;33(18):7770-7777. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5352-12.2013Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk ML.The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord. 2020;24(5):644-654. doi:10.1177/1087054715627489Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, et al.Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7Helgadóttir B, Hallgren M, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y.Training fast or slow? Exercise for depression: A randomized controlled trial.Prev Med. 2016;91:123-131. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.011Paolucci EM, Loukov K, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Oppizzi LM, Umberger R.The effect of physical activity on PTSD.Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2018;39(2):179-187. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M.The cortisol response to exercise in young adults.Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:13. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00013Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS.The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):441-7. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012American Psychological Association.Manage stress: Strengthen your support network. Updated October 2019.Childs E, De wit H.Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults.Front Physiol. 2014;5:161. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00161Domingues RB.Modern postural yoga as a mental health promoting tool: A systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:248-255. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.002Abbott R, Lavretsky H.Tai Chi and Qigong for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):109-19. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.011Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review.BPL. 2017;2(2):127-152. doi:10.3233/BPL-160040Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Hahn K, Gross JJ.MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8(1):65-72. doi:10.1093/scan/nss054Greer TL, Trombello JM, Rethorst CD, et al.Improvements in psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life following exercise augmentation in patients with treatment response but non-remitted major depressive disorder: Results from the TREAD study.Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(9):870-881. doi:10.1002/da.22521Additional ReadingBourne, EJ.The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. 5th ed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2011.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Mazyarkin Z, Peleg T, Golani I, Sharony L, Kremer I, Shamir A.Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; A pilot study.J Psychiatr Res. 2019;113:10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.002Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Zhou C, Zhao E, Li Y, Jia Y, Li F.Exercise therapy of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(2):e13461. doi:10.1111/nmo.13461Anderson E, Shivakumar G.Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety.Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:27. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027Schoenfeld TJ, Rada P, Pieruzzini PR, Hsueh B, Gould E.Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus.J Neurosci. 2013;33(18):7770-7777. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5352-12.2013Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk ML.The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord. 2020;24(5):644-654. doi:10.1177/1087054715627489Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, et al.Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7Helgadóttir B, Hallgren M, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y.Training fast or slow? Exercise for depression: A randomized controlled trial.Prev Med. 2016;91:123-131. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.011Paolucci EM, Loukov K, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003Oppizzi LM, Umberger R.The effect of physical activity on PTSD.Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2018;39(2):179-187. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M.The cortisol response to exercise in young adults.Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:13. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00013Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS.The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):441-7. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012American Psychological Association.Manage stress: Strengthen your support network. Updated October 2019.Childs E, De wit H.Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults.Front Physiol. 2014;5:161. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00161Domingues RB.Modern postural yoga as a mental health promoting tool: A systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:248-255. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.002Abbott R, Lavretsky H.Tai Chi and Qigong for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):109-19. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.011Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review.BPL. 2017;2(2):127-152. doi:10.3233/BPL-160040Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Hahn K, Gross JJ.MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8(1):65-72. doi:10.1093/scan/nss054Greer TL, Trombello JM, Rethorst CD, et al.Improvements in psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life following exercise augmentation in patients with treatment response but non-remitted major depressive disorder: Results from the TREAD study.Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(9):870-881. doi:10.1002/da.22521
Mazyarkin Z, Peleg T, Golani I, Sharony L, Kremer I, Shamir A.Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; A pilot study.J Psychiatr Res. 2019;113:10-16. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.002
Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5
Zhou C, Zhao E, Li Y, Jia Y, Li F.Exercise therapy of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(2):e13461. doi:10.1111/nmo.13461
Anderson E, Shivakumar G.Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety.Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:27. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
Schoenfeld TJ, Rada P, Pieruzzini PR, Hsueh B, Gould E.Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus.J Neurosci. 2013;33(18):7770-7777. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5352-12.2013
Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk ML.The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord. 2020;24(5):644-654. doi:10.1177/1087054715627489
Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, et al.Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(Suppl 1):3-26. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7
Helgadóttir B, Hallgren M, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y.Training fast or slow? Exercise for depression: A randomized controlled trial.Prev Med. 2016;91:123-131. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.011
Paolucci EM, Loukov K, Bowdish DME, Heisz JJ.Exercise reduces depression and inflammation but intensity matters.Biol Psychol. 2018;133:79-84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015
Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V.Exercise and mental health.Maturitas. 2017;106:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Oppizzi LM, Umberger R.The effect of physical activity on PTSD.Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2018;39(2):179-187. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1391903
Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M.The cortisol response to exercise in young adults.Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:13. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00013
Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Church TS.The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):441-7. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012
American Psychological Association.Manage stress: Strengthen your support network. Updated October 2019.
Childs E, De wit H.Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults.Front Physiol. 2014;5:161. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00161
Domingues RB.Modern postural yoga as a mental health promoting tool: A systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:248-255. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.002
Abbott R, Lavretsky H.Tai Chi and Qigong for the treatment and prevention of mental disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):109-19. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.011
Basso JC, Suzuki WA.The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review.BPL. 2017;2(2):127-152. doi:10.3233/BPL-160040
Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Hahn K, Gross JJ.MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8(1):65-72. doi:10.1093/scan/nss054
Greer TL, Trombello JM, Rethorst CD, et al.Improvements in psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life following exercise augmentation in patients with treatment response but non-remitted major depressive disorder: Results from the TREAD study.Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(9):870-881. doi:10.1002/da.22521
Bourne, EJ.The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. 5th ed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2011.
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