Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOverview"Great Man"TraitContingencySituationalBehavioralParticipativeManagementRelationshipWhat Kind of Leader Are You?

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Overview

“Great Man”

Trait

Contingency

Situational

Behavioral

Participative

Management

Relationship

What Kind of Leader Are You?

Close

What is it that makes some people excel in leadership roles? Leadership theories seek to explain how and why certain people become leaders. Such theories often focus on the characteristics of leaders, but some attempt to identify the behaviors that people can adopt to improve their own leadership abilities in different situations.

Early debates on the psychology of leadership often suggested that such skills were simply abilities that people were born with. In other words, these theories proposed that certain people were simply “born leaders.” Some more recent theories propose that possessing certain traits may help make people natural leaders, but experience and situational variables also play a critical role.

A Closer Look at Leadership Theories

As interest in the psychology of leadership has increased over the last 100 years, a number of different leadership theories have been introduced to explain exactly how and why certain people become great leaders.

What exactly makes a great leader? Do certainpersonality traitsmake people better suited to leadership roles, or do characteristics of the situation make it more likely that certain people will take charge? When we look at the leaders around us—be it our employer or the President—we might find ourselves wondering exactly why these individuals excel in such positions.

People have long been interested in leadership throughout human history, but a number of formal leadership theories have only emerged relatively recently. Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century.

Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished leaders from followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged, most can be classified as one of eight major types.

“Great Man” Theories

Have you ever heard someone described as “born to lead?” According to this view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics, such as charisma, confidence, intelligence, and social skills, to be natural-born leaders.

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent—that great leaders are born, not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic, and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term “Great Man” was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership.

Such theories suggest that people cannot really learn how to become strong leaders. Leadership is either something you are born with or born without. This is very much a nature (as opposed to nurture) approach to explaining leadership.

The Great Man Theory of Leadership

Trait Theories

If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership.

Plenty of people possess the personality traits associated with leadership, yet many of these people never seek out leadership positions. There are also people who lack some of the key traits often associated with effective leadership yet still excel at leading groups.

Trait Theories of Leadership

Contingency Theories

Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, noleadership styleis best in all situations.

Leadership researchers White and Hodgson suggest that truly effective leadership is not just about the qualities of the leader; it is about striking the right balance between behaviors, needs, and context.

Good leaders are able to assess the needs of their followers, take stock of the situation, and then adjust their behaviors accordingly. Success depends on a number of variables including the leadership style, qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation.

Situational Theories

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making.

For example, in a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable and experienced member of a group, anauthoritarian stylemight be most appropriate. In other instances where group members are skilled experts, ademocratic stylewould be more effective.

The Situational Theory of Leadership

Behavioral Theories

Behavioral theories of leadership are based on the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Consider this the flip side of the Great Man theories. Rooted inbehaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on leaders' actions, not on their mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation.

Why Leadership Coaching Is the Career Hack You Never Knew You Needed

Participative Theories

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others.

Is Democratic Leadership the Best Style of Leadership?

Management Theories

Management theories, also known astransactional theories, focus on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance. These theories base leadership on a system of rewards and punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded and when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished.

What’s the Difference Between Leadership and Management in the Workplace?

Relationship Theories

These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want every person to fulfill their potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards.

Overview of Transformational Leadership

Try ourfast and free quizto find out your usual leadership style.

Takeaway

There are many different ways of thinking about leadership, ranging from focusing on the personality traits of outstanding leadership to emphasizing aspects of the situation that help determine how people lead.

Like most things, leadership is a highly multi-faceted subject and it is a mixture of many factors that help determine why some people become great leaders. Learning more about some of the things that make people strong leaders is one way of potentially improving your own skills.

7 Signs You’ve Got a Toxic Boss

9 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Benmira S, Agboola M.Evolution of leadership theory.BMJ Leader. 2021;5(1):3-5. doi:10.1136/leader-2020-000296

Mango E.Rethinking leadership theories.Open Journal of Leadership. 2018;07(01):57-88. doi:10.4236/ojl.2018.71005

Grant AM, Gino F, Hofmann DA.Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity.Academy of Management Journal.2011;54(3):528-550. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.61968043

Khan ZA, Nawaz A, Khan IU.Leadership theories and styles: A literature review.Journal of Resources Development and Management. 2016;16:1-7.

Hodgson P, White R.Leadership, learning, ambiguity and uncertainty and their significance to dynamic organizations. In: Peterson R, Mannix E, eds.Leading and Managing People in the Dynamic Organization.Routledge; 2003.

Cote R.A comparison of leadership theories in an organizational environment.International Journal of Business Administration. 2017;8(5):28. doi:10.5430/ijba.v8n5p28

Amanchukwu R, Stanley G, Ololube N.A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management.Management. 2015;5(1)(2162-8416):6-14. doi:10.5923/j.mm.20150501.02

Groves KS, LaRocca MA.An empirical study of leader ethical values, transformational and transactional leadership, and follower attitudes toward corporate social responsibility.J Bus Ethics.2011;103:511. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0877-y

Gill R.Theory and practice of leadership. SAGE Publications; 2011.

Meet Our Review Board

Share Feedback

Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?HelpfulReport an ErrorOtherSubmit

Was this page helpful?

Thanks for your feedback!

What is your feedback?HelpfulReport an ErrorOtherSubmit

What is your feedback?