Support and Criticism of Piaget's Stage Theory

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSupport for the TheoryProblems With Research MethodsDevelopmental Variations ExistThe Theory Underestimated Children’s AbilitiesPiaget’s LegacyNext in Stages of Cognitive Development GuidePiaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development Explained

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Support for the Theory

Problems With Research Methods

Developmental Variations Exist

The Theory Underestimated Children’s Abilities

Piaget’s Legacy

Next in Stages of Cognitive Development Guide

Jean Piaget’s theory ofcognitive developmentis well-known within the fields of psychology and education, but it has also been the subject of considerable criticism. While presented in a series of discrete, progressive stages, even Piaget believed that individual development is a product of genetics and environment and does not always follow such a smooth and predictable path.Despite the criticism, the theory has had a considerable impact on our understanding of child development.Piaget’s observation that kids actuallythink and reason differentlythan adults, helped usher in a new era of research on the intellectual development of children.Jean Piaget Biography (1896-1980)Support for the TheoryPiaget’s focus on qualitative development had an important impact on education. He believed that children should be taught at the level for which they are developmentally prepared, and instruction should be individualized as much as possible.He also observed that children were active learners, and should be engaged in play and structured activities that promote an optimal learning environment.In addition to this, a number of instructional strategies have been derived from Piaget’s work. These strategies include providing a supportive environment, utilizing social interactions and peer teaching, and helping children see fallacies and inconsistencies in their thinking.Problems With Research MethodsMuch of the criticism of Piaget’s work is regarding hisresearch methods.He conducted naturalistic research through observational studies. A major source of inspiration for his theory on cognitive development was Piaget’s observations of his own three children, of whom he had kept detailed records of their progress.He also interviewed other children with open-ended questions in his attempts to understand their logic and reasoning. There were no right or wrong answers, rather, a desire to understand how they came to their conclusions in their own words.However, his methods were criticized for being biased. The children in Piaget’s small research sample (other than his own children) were all from families who were well-educated and of high socioeconomic status. Because of this unrepresentative sample, it is difficult to generalize his findings to a larger population.Piaget’s research methodology is also problematic due to the fact that he rarely detailed how his participants were selected. Most of his work includes very little statistical detail about how he arrived at his conclusions.Another issue lies with Piaget’s lack of clear operational definitions for the variables he studied. To replicate his observations and objectively measure how one variable leads to changes in another, researchers need to have very specific definitions of each variable. Much of the terminology related to Piaget’s theory lacks these operational definitions, so it has been challenging for researchers to accurately replicate his work.With the information they have, researchers have been able to replicate many of Piaget’s observations. However, if they make changes in the way questions are asked or the way tasks are presented, they get different results. Modern researchers have found that some tasks are accomplished much earlier in development than Piaget predicted in his stage theory, and not everyone seems to reach the fourth stage of formal operations.Developmental Variations ExistThe theory seems to suggest that all people should at least reach theformal operational stageif not further, yet it is not clear if all people actually fully achieve the developmental tasks that are the hallmark of formal operations. Even as adults, people may struggle to think abstractly about situations, falling back on moreconcrete operationalways of thinking.To Piaget, there was no fixed limit to human development. He suggested the possibility of moving past formal operations, (postformal operations), or “operations to the nth power.” However, this type of knowledge and reasoning may be reserved for professionals and people who specialize in a field of study.The stage approach is viewed as problematic as well. Stage theories have fallen out of popularity in modern-day psychology for a number of reasons. One of these is that they often fail to accurately capture the many individual variations that exist in development.Piaget viewed the stages as guideposts to follow the cognitive development in children and believed you could not skip stages, go out of order, or go backward. Piaget also proposed that each of the stages could be further divided into substages.Piaget became more flexible with the stage model in that he acknowledged the individual nature of development and the environmental influences (including culture) on progression.He recognized you might be dipping your toe into the next stage in some areas of development, while still finishing up some of the milestones of the previous stage. He also believed people could move beyond the 4th stage and did not limit the possibilities.The Theory Underestimated Children’s AbilitiesPiaget believed children in the pre-operational stage, ages 2 to 7, wereegocentricand were not able to understand the perspective of another person. That means children believe everyone views the world the same way they see it; same perspectives, same thoughts, same feelings, same beliefs, etc.Piaget tested this using a three-dimensional model called thethree mountain task. The child was asked to sit and take in the view of the scene from their own perspective, and then try to identify what the doll on the other side or from the mountaintop would see from their line of sight. They selected the doll’s perspective from a stack of pictures. The children frequently chose the same perspective as their own, indicating egocentrism.Most researchers agree that children possess many of the cognitive abilities at an earlier age than Piaget suspected.Theory of mindresearch has found that 4- and 5-year-old children have a rather sophisticated understanding of their own mental processes as well as those of other people. Other researchers indicate Piaget’s three mountain task required complex spatial skills that were too difficult for the children in his experiments.To explore Piaget’s theory in regard to egocentrism, several studies have been done using a variety of scenes, the use of dolls, training, and different types of response options. With some of these changes, the children were able to identify theotherperspective correctly showing the importance of the context and how relatable or relevant the task was to the child.Some research has shown that even children as young as age 3 have some ability to understand that other people will have different views of the same scene.However, other researchers purport egocentrism extends into adolescence. David Elkind suggested that adolescents experience a period ofself-absorption, and feel they are being observed, admired, and scrutinized more than they are. He came up with the concepts of theimaginary audienceand thepersonal fable.Piaget’s view on egocentrism evolved over the decades of his research, and he came to believe that different forms of egocentrism were evident in every stage of life, and eventually recognized this cognitive limitation in adolescents and adults.Piaget’s LegacyWhile there are few strict Piagetians around today, most people can appreciate Piaget’s influence and legacy. His work generated interest in child development and had an enormous impact on the future of education anddevelopmental psychology.While his research methods were imperfect, his work did pioneer the development of what is now known as theclinical method. This approach involves conducting intensive interviews with subjects about their own thought processes.Piaget’s theory also helped change the way that researchers thought about children. Rather than simply viewing them as smaller versions of adults, experts began to recognize that the way children think is fundamentally different from the way that adults think.

Despite the criticism, the theory has had a considerable impact on our understanding of child development.

Piaget’s observation that kids actuallythink and reason differentlythan adults, helped usher in a new era of research on the intellectual development of children.

Jean Piaget Biography (1896-1980)

Piaget’s focus on qualitative development had an important impact on education. He believed that children should be taught at the level for which they are developmentally prepared, and instruction should be individualized as much as possible.He also observed that children were active learners, and should be engaged in play and structured activities that promote an optimal learning environment.

In addition to this, a number of instructional strategies have been derived from Piaget’s work. These strategies include providing a supportive environment, utilizing social interactions and peer teaching, and helping children see fallacies and inconsistencies in their thinking.

Much of the criticism of Piaget’s work is regarding hisresearch methods.He conducted naturalistic research through observational studies. A major source of inspiration for his theory on cognitive development was Piaget’s observations of his own three children, of whom he had kept detailed records of their progress.

He also interviewed other children with open-ended questions in his attempts to understand their logic and reasoning. There were no right or wrong answers, rather, a desire to understand how they came to their conclusions in their own words.

However, his methods were criticized for being biased. The children in Piaget’s small research sample (other than his own children) were all from families who were well-educated and of high socioeconomic status. Because of this unrepresentative sample, it is difficult to generalize his findings to a larger population.

Piaget’s research methodology is also problematic due to the fact that he rarely detailed how his participants were selected. Most of his work includes very little statistical detail about how he arrived at his conclusions.

Another issue lies with Piaget’s lack of clear operational definitions for the variables he studied. To replicate his observations and objectively measure how one variable leads to changes in another, researchers need to have very specific definitions of each variable. Much of the terminology related to Piaget’s theory lacks these operational definitions, so it has been challenging for researchers to accurately replicate his work.

With the information they have, researchers have been able to replicate many of Piaget’s observations. However, if they make changes in the way questions are asked or the way tasks are presented, they get different results. Modern researchers have found that some tasks are accomplished much earlier in development than Piaget predicted in his stage theory, and not everyone seems to reach the fourth stage of formal operations.

The theory seems to suggest that all people should at least reach theformal operational stageif not further, yet it is not clear if all people actually fully achieve the developmental tasks that are the hallmark of formal operations. Even as adults, people may struggle to think abstractly about situations, falling back on moreconcrete operationalways of thinking.

To Piaget, there was no fixed limit to human development. He suggested the possibility of moving past formal operations, (postformal operations), or “operations to the nth power.” However, this type of knowledge and reasoning may be reserved for professionals and people who specialize in a field of study.

The stage approach is viewed as problematic as well. Stage theories have fallen out of popularity in modern-day psychology for a number of reasons. One of these is that they often fail to accurately capture the many individual variations that exist in development.

Piaget viewed the stages as guideposts to follow the cognitive development in children and believed you could not skip stages, go out of order, or go backward. Piaget also proposed that each of the stages could be further divided into substages.

Piaget became more flexible with the stage model in that he acknowledged the individual nature of development and the environmental influences (including culture) on progression.He recognized you might be dipping your toe into the next stage in some areas of development, while still finishing up some of the milestones of the previous stage. He also believed people could move beyond the 4th stage and did not limit the possibilities.

Piaget believed children in the pre-operational stage, ages 2 to 7, wereegocentricand were not able to understand the perspective of another person. That means children believe everyone views the world the same way they see it; same perspectives, same thoughts, same feelings, same beliefs, etc.

Piaget tested this using a three-dimensional model called thethree mountain task. The child was asked to sit and take in the view of the scene from their own perspective, and then try to identify what the doll on the other side or from the mountaintop would see from their line of sight. They selected the doll’s perspective from a stack of pictures. The children frequently chose the same perspective as their own, indicating egocentrism.

Most researchers agree that children possess many of the cognitive abilities at an earlier age than Piaget suspected.Theory of mindresearch has found that 4- and 5-year-old children have a rather sophisticated understanding of their own mental processes as well as those of other people. Other researchers indicate Piaget’s three mountain task required complex spatial skills that were too difficult for the children in his experiments.

To explore Piaget’s theory in regard to egocentrism, several studies have been done using a variety of scenes, the use of dolls, training, and different types of response options. With some of these changes, the children were able to identify theotherperspective correctly showing the importance of the context and how relatable or relevant the task was to the child.Some research has shown that even children as young as age 3 have some ability to understand that other people will have different views of the same scene.

However, other researchers purport egocentrism extends into adolescence. David Elkind suggested that adolescents experience a period ofself-absorption, and feel they are being observed, admired, and scrutinized more than they are. He came up with the concepts of theimaginary audienceand thepersonal fable.

Piaget’s view on egocentrism evolved over the decades of his research, and he came to believe that different forms of egocentrism were evident in every stage of life, and eventually recognized this cognitive limitation in adolescents and adults.

While there are few strict Piagetians around today, most people can appreciate Piaget’s influence and legacy. His work generated interest in child development and had an enormous impact on the future of education anddevelopmental psychology.

While his research methods were imperfect, his work did pioneer the development of what is now known as theclinical method. This approach involves conducting intensive interviews with subjects about their own thought processes.

Piaget’s theory also helped change the way that researchers thought about children. Rather than simply viewing them as smaller versions of adults, experts began to recognize that the way children think is fundamentally different from the way that adults think.

13 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Piaget J.Science of education and the psychology of the child. Orion Press; 1970.Hammond SI.Children’s early helping in action: Piagetian developmental theory and early prosocial behavior. Front Psychol. 2014;5:759. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759Babakr ZH, Mohamedamin P, Kakamad K.Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.Education Quarterly Reviews. 2019;2(3): 517-524. doi:10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84Hopkins JR.The enduring influence of Jean Piaget. Association for Psychological Science.Green M.Structure and sequence in children’s concepts of chance and probability: A replication study of Piaget and Inhelder. 1978;49(4):1045-1053.Piaget J.Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood.Human Development. 2009;15(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000271225Piaget J.Introduction to Genetic Epistemology: Mathematical Thinking. Presses Universitaires de France; 1950.Piaget J, Inhelder B.The child’s conception of space. Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1956.Borke H.Piaget’s mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape.Developmental Psychology. 1975;11(2):240-243. doi:10.1037/H0076459Hughes M, Donaldson M.The use of hiding games for studying the coordination of viewpoints.Educational Review. 1979;31(2):133-140. doi:10.1080/0013191790310207Moll H, Meltzoff AN.How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age.Child Dev. 2011;82(2):661-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01571.xElkind D.Egocentrism in adolescence.Child Development. 1967;38(4):1025-1034. doi:10.2307/1127100Cambell RL.Jean Piaget’s genetic epistemology: Appreciation and critique. Clemson University; 2006.Additional ReadingDamon W, Lerner RM, eds.Handbook of Child Psychology. 1st ed. Wiley; 2007. doi:10.1002/9780470147658Santrock JW.A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2023.

13 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Piaget J.Science of education and the psychology of the child. Orion Press; 1970.Hammond SI.Children’s early helping in action: Piagetian developmental theory and early prosocial behavior. Front Psychol. 2014;5:759. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759Babakr ZH, Mohamedamin P, Kakamad K.Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.Education Quarterly Reviews. 2019;2(3): 517-524. doi:10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84Hopkins JR.The enduring influence of Jean Piaget. Association for Psychological Science.Green M.Structure and sequence in children’s concepts of chance and probability: A replication study of Piaget and Inhelder. 1978;49(4):1045-1053.Piaget J.Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood.Human Development. 2009;15(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000271225Piaget J.Introduction to Genetic Epistemology: Mathematical Thinking. Presses Universitaires de France; 1950.Piaget J, Inhelder B.The child’s conception of space. Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1956.Borke H.Piaget’s mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape.Developmental Psychology. 1975;11(2):240-243. doi:10.1037/H0076459Hughes M, Donaldson M.The use of hiding games for studying the coordination of viewpoints.Educational Review. 1979;31(2):133-140. doi:10.1080/0013191790310207Moll H, Meltzoff AN.How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age.Child Dev. 2011;82(2):661-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01571.xElkind D.Egocentrism in adolescence.Child Development. 1967;38(4):1025-1034. doi:10.2307/1127100Cambell RL.Jean Piaget’s genetic epistemology: Appreciation and critique. Clemson University; 2006.Additional ReadingDamon W, Lerner RM, eds.Handbook of Child Psychology. 1st ed. Wiley; 2007. doi:10.1002/9780470147658Santrock JW.A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2023.

Piaget J.Science of education and the psychology of the child. Orion Press; 1970.Hammond SI.Children’s early helping in action: Piagetian developmental theory and early prosocial behavior. Front Psychol. 2014;5:759. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759Babakr ZH, Mohamedamin P, Kakamad K.Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.Education Quarterly Reviews. 2019;2(3): 517-524. doi:10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84Hopkins JR.The enduring influence of Jean Piaget. Association for Psychological Science.Green M.Structure and sequence in children’s concepts of chance and probability: A replication study of Piaget and Inhelder. 1978;49(4):1045-1053.Piaget J.Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood.Human Development. 2009;15(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000271225Piaget J.Introduction to Genetic Epistemology: Mathematical Thinking. Presses Universitaires de France; 1950.Piaget J, Inhelder B.The child’s conception of space. Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1956.Borke H.Piaget’s mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape.Developmental Psychology. 1975;11(2):240-243. doi:10.1037/H0076459Hughes M, Donaldson M.The use of hiding games for studying the coordination of viewpoints.Educational Review. 1979;31(2):133-140. doi:10.1080/0013191790310207Moll H, Meltzoff AN.How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age.Child Dev. 2011;82(2):661-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01571.xElkind D.Egocentrism in adolescence.Child Development. 1967;38(4):1025-1034. doi:10.2307/1127100Cambell RL.Jean Piaget’s genetic epistemology: Appreciation and critique. Clemson University; 2006.

Piaget J.Science of education and the psychology of the child. Orion Press; 1970.

Hammond SI.Children’s early helping in action: Piagetian developmental theory and early prosocial behavior. Front Psychol. 2014;5:759. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00759

Babakr ZH, Mohamedamin P, Kakamad K.Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: Critical review.Education Quarterly Reviews. 2019;2(3): 517-524. doi:10.31014/aior.1993.02.03.84

Hopkins JR.The enduring influence of Jean Piaget. Association for Psychological Science.

Green M.Structure and sequence in children’s concepts of chance and probability: A replication study of Piaget and Inhelder. 1978;49(4):1045-1053.

Piaget J.Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood.Human Development. 2009;15(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000271225

Piaget J.Introduction to Genetic Epistemology: Mathematical Thinking. Presses Universitaires de France; 1950.

Piaget J, Inhelder B.The child’s conception of space. Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1956.

Borke H.Piaget’s mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape.Developmental Psychology. 1975;11(2):240-243. doi:10.1037/H0076459

Hughes M, Donaldson M.The use of hiding games for studying the coordination of viewpoints.Educational Review. 1979;31(2):133-140. doi:10.1080/0013191790310207

Moll H, Meltzoff AN.How does it look? Level 2 perspective-taking at 36 months of age.Child Dev. 2011;82(2):661-73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01571.x

Elkind D.Egocentrism in adolescence.Child Development. 1967;38(4):1025-1034. doi:10.2307/1127100

Cambell RL.Jean Piaget’s genetic epistemology: Appreciation and critique. Clemson University; 2006.

Damon W, Lerner RM, eds.Handbook of Child Psychology. 1st ed. Wiley; 2007. doi:10.1002/9780470147658Santrock JW.A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2023.

Damon W, Lerner RM, eds.Handbook of Child Psychology. 1st ed. Wiley; 2007. doi:10.1002/9780470147658

Santrock JW.A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2023.

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