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Key Takeaways
Secure attachment refers to a bond where individuals feel safe, supported, and connected, enabling them to express emotions freely, seek comfort from their partner, and confidently explore their environment knowing they have a reliable base to return to.
Source: @attachmentfocusedhealing
Signs in children
If a caregiver is not responsive to a child’s needs, the child may not be able to form a secure and stable bond.
Children with a secure attachmentsee the worldas a reliable and friendly place. They learn to trust that people around them are kind and dependable.
Securely attached children use the caregiver as a secure base with which to explore their social world and a safe haven to turn to during times of distress.
Early signs include:
Securely attached children show balanced behavioral strategies, expressing their need for both intimacy and autonomy. Autonomy is particularly significant as it facilitates interaction with the environment.
Theattachment styleyou develop in early childhood is thought to have a lifelong influence on your ability to communicate your emotions and needs, how you respond to conflict, and how you form expectations about your relationships.
Benefits of secure attachment in children
How to raise a securely attached child
If a child is brought up in a nurturing and supportive environment where caregivers are responsive to the child’s emotional needs, a secure bond is formed.
However, if a child perceives that their emotional needs are not met, the child is not able to build a secure and stable bond with their caregivers.
1. Be a secure base physically and emotionally
Attachment figures can be seen as a ‘secure base’ that infants use to explore their social world. The more assured the infant is in the emotional availability of their attachment figure in times of stress, the more likely they will interact with others and their environment.
Caregivers who provide a secure base allow infants to become autonomous, inquisitive, and experimental.
When around their caregiver, the child should feel assured that no harm will come to them. They should know they will be fed, kept warm, and protected.
The caregiver is the child’s barrier against harm, so letting them know they are protected and loved is important in making them feel safe.
Children should be supported in exploring their world in a way that makes them feel secure. Caregivers should aim to reassure the child that they believe in their abilities but stay close if something goes wrong.
Avoid being overbearing or constantly telling them what they should be doing. Instead, give gentle guidance if they get stuck and allow them to grow while watching from a safe distance.
In this way, the child should develop a sense of freedom to explore their world and increase their confidence in their own skills.
Limiting a child from exploration, being overprotective, or keeping them boxed in may lead to the development of an anxious attachment pattern. Children need to learn to explore independently and feel safe doing so.
The independence and individuality that come from childhood exploration contribute to a secure attachment style into adulthood.
2. Ensure they feel seen and understood
A child’s signal for attention, such as crying, is their way of letting the caregiver know they require a need to be met.
The child should know that if they seek comfort, they will receive it from their caregivers.
Secure attachment develops when infants repeatedly experience a caregiver who responds accurately and consistently to their signs of distress.
Through these interactions, infants learn that their caregiver is available and will comfort them when needed. This sense of security allows them to feel safe and encourages more exploration of their environment.
If the caregiver responds correctly, most of the time, the child should understand that their world is reliable and they can have some control over it.
If the caregivers are there to help soothe the child’s distress, they learn to see this as normal. When they grow up, they can use their caregiver’s actions as the template for managing their distress.
Interactional synchrony focuses on coordinating nonverbal behaviors during social interactions, while emotional attunement is about the empathetic understanding and response to another person’s emotions.
Interactional synchronyis a form of rhythmic interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual focus, reciprocity, and mirroring of emotion or behavior. Infants coordinate their actions with caregivers in a kind of conversation.
From birth, babies move in a rhythm when interacting with an adult, almost as if they were taking turns. The infant and caregiver are able to anticipate how each other will behave and can elicit a particular response from the other.
Interactional synchrony can facilitate emotional attunement, as coordinated nonverbal behaviors may help individuals better understand and connect with each other’s emotional states.
Attunement is a subtle process in which the parent is “tuned in” to the child’s emotional needs.
This experiment is still considered an important finding in the study of how babies develop.
But, no one can be perfect all the time, so sometimes there will be misunderstandings or mistakes (called “mis-attunement” or “relationship ruptures”).
These bumps in the road are normal, and they can even be good for the relationship between the child and caregiver if the caregiver is able to fix the problem the right way.
In fact, it’s believed that for a strong bond to develop, caregivers only need to get it right aboutone-third of the time, which is comforting to know!
According to Daniel Stem (2018, p. 139.), professor of Psychiatry at Cornell University Medical Center, sensitive (‘attuned’) responses from a caregiver follow three steps:
Many parent-child relationships have strong love but lack emotional attunement. In these non-attuned relationships, children may feel loved but not genuinely understood or appreciated for their true selves.
They often repress emotions or aspects of themselves that they perceive as unacceptable to their parents.
In 1975, Edward Tronick and his team introduced the “Still Face Experiment” at a child development research conference.
When the mother “fails to respond appropriately,” the infant rapidly sobers and grows wary. He makes repeated attempts to get the interaction into its usual reciprocal pattern. When these attempts fail, the infant withdraws [and] orients his face and body away from his mother with a withdrawn, hopeless facial expression (p.452).
A child’s perception of being emotionally understood and connected with others is crucial. However, certain stressful circumstances can cause caregivers to be emotionally distant, even if physically present. This condition of being physically close but emotionally separated is called “proximate separation.”
Proximate separation can be as distressing to a child as physical separation. Examples include a parent breaking intense eye contact with a child or overstimulating a resting child. These interactions register on an unconscious physiological level, even if the child isn’t consciously aware of the emotional disconnection. Such experiences shape a child’s future personality and emotional development.
These early experiences of proximate separation can influence adult relationships, leading individuals to seek out partners who replicate these non-attuned dynamics, continuing a cycle of emotional misattunement into adulthood.
Signs in adults
Adult relationships are likely to reflect early attachment style because the experience a person has with their caregiver in childhood would lead to the expectation of the same experiences in later relationships.
How to know if someone has a secure attachment style
Benefits of secure attachment in adults
Signs you are dating a person with a secure attachment
Secure attachment sounds like…
“I’m sorry I reacted like that but I felt attacked. Can we talk about what happened? I want to make it right”
“I’m sorry I hurt you. I wasn’t right. I want us both to be happy & I acknowledge that it will take work.”
“I thought about what you said & want you to know that I hear you. I will try to help you meet your needs.”
“I know this is important but I don’t have the capacity to discuss it right now.”
There appears to be a continuity between early attachment styles and the quality of later adult romantic relationships. This idea is based on theinternal working model, where an infant’s primary attachment forms a model (template) for future relationships.
Attachment security, or the stability and trust one feels in interpersonal relationships,can be developed within a consistent and dependable relationship, but it’s generally believed that building this kind of security takes a significant amount of time.
During adulthood, new attachment bonds are formed, which may become a significant source of support during periods of distress, goal achievement, and exploration.
Romantic partners function as attachment figures and can become a source of comfort and felt security for the other member of the relationship.
Romantic relationships are likely to reflect early attachment style because the experience a person has with their caregiver in childhood would lead to the expectation of the same experiences in later relationships, such as friends and romantic partners.
However, other researchers have proposed that rather than a single internal working model, which is generalized across relationships, each type of relationship comprises a different working model.
This means a person could be insecurely attached to their parents but securely to a romantic partner or friend.
Navigating Relationships with Insecure Attachment: Steps for Personal Growth and Building Secure Bonds:
If you identify with having an insecure attachment style, it’s essential to recognize that you have the power to evolve and cultivate healthier relationships.
If you find yourself with an insecure attachment style, building close relationships with securely attached friends and romantic partners can play a pivotal role in your personal growth and emotional wellbeing. Securely attached individuals can offer:
Seek a Secure Base:Just as you need stability during childhood, it’s crucial to find or create emotionally stable environments as an adult.
This might mean surrounding yourself with reliable friends or seeking partners who provide consistent love and care. Prioritize relationships where you feel safe and valued.
Prioritize Feeling Seen and Understood:Foster open communication in your relationships. Express your needs and feelings and encourage your partner or friends to do the same. Mutual understanding is the foundation of a deep and fulfilling connection.
Foster Interactional Synchrony and Emotional Attunement:
Engaging with such individuals can not only enrich your interactions but also strengthen your bond, allowing you to experience a fulfilling connection.
When in the company of securely attached individuals, you’ll find it easier to recognize and reflect upon emotional shifts within yourself.
They can also guide you in understanding and resonating with the feelings of those around you, fostering a deeper emotional bond.
Learn More
Can a secure person become anxious?Yes, a secure person can become anxious due to traumatic experiences. For example, a secure person may encounter a relationship with a partner who gets very close and then withdraws orstonewalls their partnerinconsistently. This type of unpredictability can be painful and lead to the secure person becoming anxious.
Can a secure person become anxious?
Yes, a secure person can become anxious due to traumatic experiences. For example, a secure person may encounter a relationship with a partner who gets very close and then withdraws orstonewalls their partnerinconsistently. This type of unpredictability can be painful and lead to the secure person becoming anxious.
What are the main contributors to developing a secure attachment?
In conclusion, a secure attachment style is a healthy and balanced way of relating with oneself and others. They come naturally due to childhood conditioning or can be learned with psychological healing.
What is the influence of secure attachment on childhood friendships?According to attachment theory, a child with a secure attachment style should be more confident in interactions with friends.Considerable evidence has supported this view. For example, the Minnesota study (2005) followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behavior.Securely attached children were rated most highly for social competence later in childhood and were less isolated and more popular than insecurely attached children.Hartup et al. (1993) argue that children with a secure attachment type are more popular at nursery and engage more in social interactions with other children. In contrast, insecurely attached children tend to rely more on teachers for interaction and emotional support.
What is the influence of secure attachment on childhood friendships?
According to attachment theory, a child with a secure attachment style should be more confident in interactions with friends.Considerable evidence has supported this view. For example, the Minnesota study (2005) followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behavior.Securely attached children were rated most highly for social competence later in childhood and were less isolated and more popular than insecurely attached children.Hartup et al. (1993) argue that children with a secure attachment type are more popular at nursery and engage more in social interactions with other children. In contrast, insecurely attached children tend to rely more on teachers for interaction and emotional support.
According to attachment theory, a child with a secure attachment style should be more confident in interactions with friends.
Considerable evidence has supported this view. For example, the Minnesota study (2005) followed participants from infancy to late adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behavior.
Securely attached children were rated most highly for social competence later in childhood and were less isolated and more popular than insecurely attached children.
Hartup et al. (1993) argue that children with a secure attachment type are more popular at nursery and engage more in social interactions with other children. In contrast, insecurely attached children tend to rely more on teachers for interaction and emotional support.
How does secure attachment relate to self-esteem?Secure attachment is closely linked to higher self-esteem. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop a positive self-concept, feeling loved and valued. This fosters confidence, trust in oneself and others, and better emotional regulation.Secure attachment provides a foundation for self-acceptance and a balanced view of one’s strengths and weaknesses. It also facilitates healthier relationships, which further reinforce positive self-esteem throughout life.
How does secure attachment relate to self-esteem?
Secure attachment is closely linked to higher self-esteem. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop a positive self-concept, feeling loved and valued. This fosters confidence, trust in oneself and others, and better emotional regulation.Secure attachment provides a foundation for self-acceptance and a balanced view of one’s strengths and weaknesses. It also facilitates healthier relationships, which further reinforce positive self-esteem throughout life.
Secure attachment is closely linked to higher self-esteem. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop a positive self-concept, feeling loved and valued. This fosters confidence, trust in oneself and others, and better emotional regulation.
Secure attachment provides a foundation for self-acceptance and a balanced view of one’s strengths and weaknesses. It also facilitates healthier relationships, which further reinforce positive self-esteem throughout life.
Can attachment styles be passed down from generation to generation?Yes, attachment styles can be passed down across generations. Research shows that a parent’s attachment style often influences their child’s attachment.This transmission occurs through:1. Direct parent-child interactions2. Family functioning and environment3. Genetic factorsHowever, the transmission is not guaranteed or straightforward. While secure attachment has strong continuity, insecure patterns are less predictable. Awareness and intervention can help break negative cycles.Overall, attachment styles persist across generations but can be modified through positive experiences and therapeutic interventions.
Can attachment styles be passed down from generation to generation?
Yes, attachment styles can be passed down across generations. Research shows that a parent’s attachment style often influences their child’s attachment.This transmission occurs through:1. Direct parent-child interactions2. Family functioning and environment3. Genetic factorsHowever, the transmission is not guaranteed or straightforward. While secure attachment has strong continuity, insecure patterns are less predictable. Awareness and intervention can help break negative cycles.Overall, attachment styles persist across generations but can be modified through positive experiences and therapeutic interventions.
Yes, attachment styles can be passed down across generations. Research shows that a parent’s attachment style often influences their child’s attachment.
This transmission occurs through:
- Direct parent-child interactions2. Family functioning and environment3. Genetic factors
However, the transmission is not guaranteed or straightforward. While secure attachment has strong continuity, insecure patterns are less predictable. Awareness and intervention can help break negative cycles.
Overall, attachment styles persist across generations but can be modified through positive experiences and therapeutic interventions.
What is the connection between secure attachment and emotional regulation?Secure attachment and emotional regulation are closely interconnected. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop better emotional regulation skills, as their early relationships provide a foundation for learning healthy emotion management.Secure attachment fosters trust, allowing for more effective emotional expression and support-seeking. It promotes better understanding and acceptance of emotions, leading to more adaptive coping strategies and greater resilience in facing emotional challenges.The positive self-concept associated with secure attachment also contributes to emotional stability.Overall, secure attachment provides a strong basis for developing and maintaining effectiveemotional regulationthroughout life, influencing how people experience, express, and manage their emotions in various situations.
What is the connection between secure attachment and emotional regulation?
Secure attachment and emotional regulation are closely interconnected. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop better emotional regulation skills, as their early relationships provide a foundation for learning healthy emotion management.Secure attachment fosters trust, allowing for more effective emotional expression and support-seeking. It promotes better understanding and acceptance of emotions, leading to more adaptive coping strategies and greater resilience in facing emotional challenges.The positive self-concept associated with secure attachment also contributes to emotional stability.Overall, secure attachment provides a strong basis for developing and maintaining effectiveemotional regulationthroughout life, influencing how people experience, express, and manage their emotions in various situations.
Secure attachment and emotional regulation are closely interconnected. Individuals with secure attachment tend to develop better emotional regulation skills, as their early relationships provide a foundation for learning healthy emotion management.
Secure attachment fosters trust, allowing for more effective emotional expression and support-seeking. It promotes better understanding and acceptance of emotions, leading to more adaptive coping strategies and greater resilience in facing emotional challenges.
The positive self-concept associated with secure attachment also contributes to emotional stability.
Overall, secure attachment provides a strong basis for developing and maintaining effectiveemotional regulationthroughout life, influencing how people experience, express, and manage their emotions in various situations.
How do cultural practices influence the prevalence of secure attachments?
Cultural practices significantly influence the prevalence of secure attachments in various countries.
For instance, in Japan, where collectivist values emphasize close family bonds, higher rates of anxious-resistant attachment are observed due to the prioritization of caregiver responsiveness.
In contrast, Germany, which values independence and self-reliance, may see more avoidant attachment styles as parents encourage autonomy.
Overall, these cultural differences shape how attachment behaviors are expressed and understood.
How can I identify my attachment style?Toidentify your attachment style, consider the following key characteristics:Secure attachmentI feel comfortable expressing my emotions and thoughts to othersI am comfortable depending on others for help when necessaryI can maintain a healthy balance between intimacy and independence in relationshipsI feel comfortable being vulnerable with my partnerI respect my partner’s needs and boundaries and am comfortable setting my ownAnxious attachmentI worry whether people like me or notI rely heavily on my partner’s approval and validation to feel good about myselfI often use physical closeness (like hugging) to reduce my anxiety in relationshipsI often feel that I’m not good enough to be in my relationship and question why my partner would want to be with meI become highly emotionally reactive when my partner is not availableAvoidant attachmentI feel uncomfortable when others try to get emotionally close to meI prioritize self-reliance over seeking emotional support from othersI find it difficult to trust others completelyI value my independence more than close relationshipsI tend to downplay or suppress my emotionsFearful-avoidantattachmentYou have conflicting desires for closeness and distanceYour behavior in relationships may be unpredictableYou may have trouble regulating emotionsI need control and security in my relationships, but I don’t know how to achieve thisI generally have a negative view of myself and othersMy relationships tend to have many extreme highs and lows.The person I want to go to for safety is often the same person I’m frightened to be close toI tend to create drama in my relationships without intending toFearful-avoidant attachment is often rooted in childhood trauma or inconsistent caregiving. People with this attachment style typically want close relationships but fear being hurt or rejected.This leads to push-pull behaviors and emotional turbulence in relationships.If you identify with these traits, working with a therapist specializing in attachment issues can be helpful in developing more secure attachment patterns and healthier relationships.To get a more accurate assessment, you could:Take avalidated attachment style questionnaireReflect on your relationship patterns and behaviorsConsult with a mental health professionalRemember, attachment styles can change over time with self-awareness and effort.
How can I identify my attachment style?
Toidentify your attachment style, consider the following key characteristics:
Secure attachment
Anxious attachment
Avoidant attachment
Fearful-avoidantattachment
Fearful-avoidant attachment is often rooted in childhood trauma or inconsistent caregiving. People with this attachment style typically want close relationships but fear being hurt or rejected.
This leads to push-pull behaviors and emotional turbulence in relationships.
If you identify with these traits, working with a therapist specializing in attachment issues can be helpful in developing more secure attachment patterns and healthier relationships.
Remember, attachment styles can change over time with self-awareness and effort.
Further Information
Attachment theory as secure, preoccupied, dismissive, fearful behavior models outline diagram. Labeled educational psychological types with influence from childhood parenting vector
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Saul McLeod, PhD
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
Misha JanResearch Assistant at Carleton UniversityUndergraduate Psychology & NeuroscienceMisha Jan is a psychology and neuroscience student at Carleton University and works as a research assistant at The Royal Mental Health Hospital.
Misha JanResearch Assistant at Carleton UniversityUndergraduate Psychology & Neuroscience
Misha Jan
Research Assistant at Carleton University
Undergraduate Psychology & Neuroscience
Misha Jan is a psychology and neuroscience student at Carleton University and works as a research assistant at The Royal Mental Health Hospital.
