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Mental Health HomepageConditions LibraryPost-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)OverviewTypes of PTSDSymptomsCausesDiagnosingTreatmentTherapyMedications
OverviewTypes of PTSDSymptomsCausesDiagnosingTreatmentTherapyMedications
Overview
Types of PTSD
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosing
Treatment
Therapy
Medications
Published On: April 11, 2023
Reviewed On: June 1, 2021
Updated On: October 5, 2023
What is PTSD?
Symptoms of PTSD
Although most people who experience a traumatic event often have severe reactions that may include anger, shock, nervousness, fear and guilt, those experiencing PTSD have their symptoms linger for over a month and aren’t able to function as well as before the triggering event occurred. This distinction differentiatesPTSD from traumaand helps determine a clinical PTSD diagnosis. Even though the symptoms of PTSD can surface within a month of thetraumatic event,sometimes they don’t appear until years after.
Types of symptoms
Post-traumatic stress disorder can present with a range ofsymptomsor behaviors that generally fall into four categories.
Although it is natural to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, it’s when the symptoms above last longer, and seriously affect a person’s ability to function, that are indicative of PTSD and may be a sign to consult a mental health professional about.
Causes of PTSDPTSD can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, or after a prolonged traumatic experience. This can include a wide range of traumatic events, but not all people who experience traumatic events will develop PTSD.What’s the difference betweenPTSD and trauma? According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a person must have been exposed to “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” in order to be diagnosed with PTSD. Other than that, there is no formal definition for whether something is traumatic enough tocause PTSD. It depends on the person’s interpretation of the event and how long the symptoms last.So, what makes one person susceptible to PTSD while another person who experienced the same trauma is able to move on over time? There are a number of risk factors that make someone more likely to develop PTSD. For example, if someone suffered from depression or anxiety before the trauma, they may be more likely to experience PTSD. Additionally, if you have a lack of support from family or friends, you may be more prone to developing PTSD.Research also shows that there may be a genetic factor involved in PTSD. In alarge PTSD genetic study,scientists from University of California San Diego School of Medicine, along with over 130 additional institutions who participated in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have found that PTSD has a strong genetic component similar to other psychiatric disorders. The conclusion of the study is that genetics accounts for 5-20% of the variability in PTSD risk following a traumatic event. While more research still needs to be done, the study shows that people with these genes are at a higher potential risk for developing PTSD after traumatic events. However, PTSD is like other mental illnesses and can affect anyone, regardless of their background.Learn More
Causes of PTSD
PTSD can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, or after a prolonged traumatic experience. This can include a wide range of traumatic events, but not all people who experience traumatic events will develop PTSD.What’s the difference betweenPTSD and trauma? According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a person must have been exposed to “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” in order to be diagnosed with PTSD. Other than that, there is no formal definition for whether something is traumatic enough tocause PTSD. It depends on the person’s interpretation of the event and how long the symptoms last.So, what makes one person susceptible to PTSD while another person who experienced the same trauma is able to move on over time? There are a number of risk factors that make someone more likely to develop PTSD. For example, if someone suffered from depression or anxiety before the trauma, they may be more likely to experience PTSD. Additionally, if you have a lack of support from family or friends, you may be more prone to developing PTSD.Research also shows that there may be a genetic factor involved in PTSD. In alarge PTSD genetic study,scientists from University of California San Diego School of Medicine, along with over 130 additional institutions who participated in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have found that PTSD has a strong genetic component similar to other psychiatric disorders. The conclusion of the study is that genetics accounts for 5-20% of the variability in PTSD risk following a traumatic event. While more research still needs to be done, the study shows that people with these genes are at a higher potential risk for developing PTSD after traumatic events. However, PTSD is like other mental illnesses and can affect anyone, regardless of their background.Learn More
PTSD can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, or after a prolonged traumatic experience. This can include a wide range of traumatic events, but not all people who experience traumatic events will develop PTSD.
What’s the difference betweenPTSD and trauma? According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a person must have been exposed to “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence” in order to be diagnosed with PTSD. Other than that, there is no formal definition for whether something is traumatic enough tocause PTSD. It depends on the person’s interpretation of the event and how long the symptoms last.
So, what makes one person susceptible to PTSD while another person who experienced the same trauma is able to move on over time? There are a number of risk factors that make someone more likely to develop PTSD. For example, if someone suffered from depression or anxiety before the trauma, they may be more likely to experience PTSD. Additionally, if you have a lack of support from family or friends, you may be more prone to developing PTSD.
Research also shows that there may be a genetic factor involved in PTSD. In alarge PTSD genetic study,scientists from University of California San Diego School of Medicine, along with over 130 additional institutions who participated in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have found that PTSD has a strong genetic component similar to other psychiatric disorders. The conclusion of the study is that genetics accounts for 5-20% of the variability in PTSD risk following a traumatic event. While more research still needs to be done, the study shows that people with these genes are at a higher potential risk for developing PTSD after traumatic events. However, PTSD is like other mental illnesses and can affect anyone, regardless of their background.
Diagnosing PTSDAlthough it is natural to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, it’s when the symptoms above last longer, and seriously affect a person’s ability to function, that are indicative of PTSD and may be a sign to consult a mental health professional about. Diagnosis is done with a licensed mental health care provider.Learn more
Diagnosing PTSD
Although it is natural to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, it’s when the symptoms above last longer, and seriously affect a person’s ability to function, that are indicative of PTSD and may be a sign to consult a mental health professional about. Diagnosis is done with a licensed mental health care provider.Learn more
Although it is natural to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, it’s when the symptoms above last longer, and seriously affect a person’s ability to function, that are indicative of PTSD and may be a sign to consult a mental health professional about. Diagnosis is done with a licensed mental health care provider.
Types of PTSDResearch has shown that there are what can be considered several differenttypes of PTSD, depending on how symptoms present and trauma circumstances. Researchers continue to explore PTSD symptoms that can require different treatment methods.
Research has shown that there are what can be considered several differenttypes of PTSD, depending on how symptoms present and trauma circumstances. Researchers continue to explore PTSD symptoms that can require different treatment methods.
Complex PTSDDissociative PTSDComorbid PTSD
Complex PTSD
Dissociative PTSD
Comorbid PTSD
Complex PTSDis also known as complicated PTSD and is the result of multiple traumas. This type of PTSD is common in situations involving abuse or domestic violence or repeated exposure to war. Individuals who experiencethis type of PTSDare often diagnosed with borderline or antisocial personality disorder or dissociative disorders, too. As a result, treatment for this type of PTSD can take much longer.Learn more
Complex PTSDis also known as complicated PTSD and is the result of multiple traumas. This type of PTSD is common in situations involving abuse or domestic violence or repeated exposure to war. Individuals who experiencethis type of PTSDare often diagnosed with borderline or antisocial personality disorder or dissociative disorders, too. As a result, treatment for this type of PTSD can take much longer.
Comorbid PTSD is when an individual has more than one mental health concern and/or a substance use disorder in addition to PTSD. This type of PTSD is extremely common. As previously mentioned, many people suffer from more than one psychiatric disorder at a time. If an individual is diagnosed with comorbid PTSD, it’s best to treat both mental health conditions at the same time. More often than not, the same treatments used for uncomplicated PTSD are used for those experiencing comorbid PTSD.
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How to Treat PTSDTherapyTalk therapy can also be combined with other therapies tohelp someone with PTSDlearn new ways to react to their triggers, manage their anxiety and anger, and help process the shame or guilt resulting from their trauma. This type of therapy can help process traumatic events and change how someone with PTSD reacts to their symptoms.Learn moreTreatmentWhen you have PTSD, it can feel like you’ll never get your life back to the way it was before, but know that your PTSD symptoms can be treated.You may need to try different treatments to find what works best for you. Regardless of what treatment options you chose, it is important to seek treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced with PTSD.Learn moreMedicationShort- and long term psychotherapy andPTSD medicationscan help an individual overcome the symptoms of PTSD. Common medications that are often prescribed for treating post-traumatic stress disorder include SSRI and SNRI medications. Both can be effective, but be sure to talk to your doctor about what’s best for you.Learn moreNatural RemediesWhile therapy and medication are often used to treat PTSD, there are various coping methods that can helpyour recovery journey. Many people often look to journaling, meditation, exercise for help when dealing with the symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, it’s best to avoid alcohol and drugs as a temporary way to numb symptoms.Learn more
How to Treat PTSD
TherapyTalk therapy can also be combined with other therapies tohelp someone with PTSDlearn new ways to react to their triggers, manage their anxiety and anger, and help process the shame or guilt resulting from their trauma. This type of therapy can help process traumatic events and change how someone with PTSD reacts to their symptoms.Learn moreTreatmentWhen you have PTSD, it can feel like you’ll never get your life back to the way it was before, but know that your PTSD symptoms can be treated.You may need to try different treatments to find what works best for you. Regardless of what treatment options you chose, it is important to seek treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced with PTSD.Learn moreMedicationShort- and long term psychotherapy andPTSD medicationscan help an individual overcome the symptoms of PTSD. Common medications that are often prescribed for treating post-traumatic stress disorder include SSRI and SNRI medications. Both can be effective, but be sure to talk to your doctor about what’s best for you.Learn moreNatural RemediesWhile therapy and medication are often used to treat PTSD, there are various coping methods that can helpyour recovery journey. Many people often look to journaling, meditation, exercise for help when dealing with the symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, it’s best to avoid alcohol and drugs as a temporary way to numb symptoms.Learn more
TherapyTalk therapy can also be combined with other therapies tohelp someone with PTSDlearn new ways to react to their triggers, manage their anxiety and anger, and help process the shame or guilt resulting from their trauma. This type of therapy can help process traumatic events and change how someone with PTSD reacts to their symptoms.Learn more
TherapyTalk therapy can also be combined with other therapies tohelp someone with PTSDlearn new ways to react to their triggers, manage their anxiety and anger, and help process the shame or guilt resulting from their trauma. This type of therapy can help process traumatic events and change how someone with PTSD reacts to their symptoms.
Talk therapy can also be combined with other therapies tohelp someone with PTSDlearn new ways to react to their triggers, manage their anxiety and anger, and help process the shame or guilt resulting from their trauma. This type of therapy can help process traumatic events and change how someone with PTSD reacts to their symptoms.
TreatmentWhen you have PTSD, it can feel like you’ll never get your life back to the way it was before, but know that your PTSD symptoms can be treated.You may need to try different treatments to find what works best for you. Regardless of what treatment options you chose, it is important to seek treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced with PTSD.Learn more
TreatmentWhen you have PTSD, it can feel like you’ll never get your life back to the way it was before, but know that your PTSD symptoms can be treated.You may need to try different treatments to find what works best for you. Regardless of what treatment options you chose, it is important to seek treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced with PTSD.
When you have PTSD, it can feel like you’ll never get your life back to the way it was before, but know that your PTSD symptoms can be treated.You may need to try different treatments to find what works best for you. Regardless of what treatment options you chose, it is important to seek treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced with PTSD.
MedicationShort- and long term psychotherapy andPTSD medicationscan help an individual overcome the symptoms of PTSD. Common medications that are often prescribed for treating post-traumatic stress disorder include SSRI and SNRI medications. Both can be effective, but be sure to talk to your doctor about what’s best for you.Learn more
MedicationShort- and long term psychotherapy andPTSD medicationscan help an individual overcome the symptoms of PTSD. Common medications that are often prescribed for treating post-traumatic stress disorder include SSRI and SNRI medications. Both can be effective, but be sure to talk to your doctor about what’s best for you.
Short- and long term psychotherapy andPTSD medicationscan help an individual overcome the symptoms of PTSD. Common medications that are often prescribed for treating post-traumatic stress disorder include SSRI and SNRI medications. Both can be effective, but be sure to talk to your doctor about what’s best for you.
Natural RemediesWhile therapy and medication are often used to treat PTSD, there are various coping methods that can helpyour recovery journey. Many people often look to journaling, meditation, exercise for help when dealing with the symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, it’s best to avoid alcohol and drugs as a temporary way to numb symptoms.Learn more
Natural RemediesWhile therapy and medication are often used to treat PTSD, there are various coping methods that can helpyour recovery journey. Many people often look to journaling, meditation, exercise for help when dealing with the symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, it’s best to avoid alcohol and drugs as a temporary way to numb symptoms.
While therapy and medication are often used to treat PTSD, there are various coping methods that can helpyour recovery journey. Many people often look to journaling, meditation, exercise for help when dealing with the symptoms of PTSD. Additionally, it’s best to avoid alcohol and drugs as a temporary way to numb symptoms.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Below are eightPTSD treatment options. Your mental health care provider may introduce any of these or a combination along withmedication, based on your symptoms and experiences.
Past trauma (even childhood trauma) can still impact one’s life years after it happened. Psychologists and therapists typically use a combination of talk therapy and medication to treat the symptoms ofpost-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). However, just because that’s the norm doesn’t mean it’s right for everyone. Each person’s PTSD recovery journey is different.
How prevalent is PTSD?According to theNational Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI), PTSD affects 3.6% of the U.S. adult population — approximately 9 million individuals.About 37% of those diagnosed with PTSD are classified as havingserious symptoms.Women aresignificantly more likelyto experience PTSD than men.
According to theNational Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI), PTSD affects 3.6% of the U.S. adult population — approximately 9 million individuals.About 37% of those diagnosed with PTSD are classified as havingserious symptoms.Women aresignificantly more likelyto experience PTSD than men.
According to theNational Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI), PTSD affects 3.6% of the U.S. adult population — approximately 9 million individuals.
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See ReferencesPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd.shtml/ Updated November 2017.Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of Twelve-month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).US National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847357/ Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun; 62(6): 617–627.Posttraumatic stress disorder.NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Health. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder/ Updated November 2017.Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of PTSD.APA. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf/ Referenced March 2021.The Dissociative Subtype of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Research Update on Clinical and Neurobiological Features.Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Published 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29063485/Large Study Reveals PTSD Has Strong Genetic Component Like Other Psychiatric Disorders.Buschman, Heather, Phd. https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2019-10-08-study-reveals-ptsd-has-strong-genetic-component.aspx/ Published October 2019.
See References
National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd.shtml/ Updated November 2017.
US National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847357/ Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun; 62(6): 617–627.
NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Health. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder/ Updated November 2017.
APA. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf/ Referenced March 2021.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Published 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29063485/
Buschman, Heather, Phd. https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/Pages/2019-10-08-study-reveals-ptsd-has-strong-genetic-component.aspx/ Published October 2019.
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