Physical Symptoms of Depression

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPainGastrointestinalImmunitySleepFatiguePsychomotorHigh Blood PressureAppetite and WeightMedication Side EffectsHow to Cope

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Pain

Gastrointestinal

Immunity

Sleep

Fatigue

Psychomotor

High Blood Pressure

Appetite and Weight

Medication Side Effects

How to Cope

The most well-knownsymptoms of depressionare emotional, including sadness, guilt, irritability, and feelings of hopelessness. Other frequent symptoms, like trouble focusing or concentrating on tasks, are also thought of as being related to one’s state of mind.

Although depression is a mental illness, it can also cause physical symptoms. Pain, stomach upset, fatigue, and restlessness are just a few potential physical effects of depression.People can have these physical symptoms for a variety of reasons, but they may not realize depression can be among the potential causes.

Physical symptoms of depression can include:

Certain treatments used for depression, such as medication, can also have physical side effects like nausea, weight changes, and sexual dysfunction.If you have physical symptoms of depression, your doctor and mental health care provider can help you better understand and manage them.

Depression as a Systemic Disease

People with depression may have vague aches and pains that affect their joints, limbs, or back.Some people have “all over” body pain which may be chronic and debilitating.

Chronic pain can contribute to depression, but it may also be that physical and emotional pain can stem from the same cause. Researchers are still trying to understand how physical pain and depression are related and how they can influence one another.

A few explanations have been proposed:

A 2017 study found that one of the most common forms of pain in adults, lower back pain, could be directly linked to depression.An earlier study found that people with depression are 60% more likely to have back pain than those who aren’t depressed.

RecapResearchers are continuing to explore a connection between depression and pain, including theories related to chronic inflammation, which may also contribute to other physical symptoms of depression.

Recap

Researchers are continuing to explore a connection between depression and pain, including theories related to chronic inflammation, which may also contribute to other physical symptoms of depression.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

People with depression may have frequent stomach problems, such as nausea, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.

One possible explanation for these symptoms involves a neurotransmitter in the brain and gut called serotonin. Thebrain chemical is linked to depressionbecause it is believed to help regulate mood, but researchers also know that it also plays a role in maintaining digestive function.

Most of the body’s serotonin is produced and stored in the gut.

Researchers are very interested in the “gut-brain” connection, which they hope could reveal how mental and digestive health influence one another. In addition to serotonin, microbes found in the gut are being explored as potential contributors to everything from mood to immunity—both of which have implications for depression.

How Stress Can Make You Sick

Stress can also make a person’s immune system work less optimally, making them more likely to get sick. When someone with a weakened immune system gets sick, it may take longer to get better.

Some infections, like the common cold, are generally not serious. However, a weak immune system puts a person at risk of developing complications from an infection or contracting an infection that is harder to treat.

The relationship between immune function and depression is still being researched. Some studies have hypothesized thatchronic stressmay cause an inflammatory response that can change how mood-regulating chemicals in the brain work.

Sleep Problems

When doctors and mental health professionals are considering a diagnosis of depression, sleep disorders are among the “core” symptoms they look for.

People who are depressed often have trouble sleeping. Problems may range from struggling to fall or stay asleep, being unable to get restful sleep, or sleeping too much.

The relationship between depression and sleep goes both ways, as having trouble sleeping for any reason (such as a medical condition like sleep apnea) increases a person’s risk for depression.

Some research has suggested that disturbances in circadian rhythm (which caninterrupt sleep) may contribute to depression. Understanding and even learning how to alter the sleep-wake cycle is one avenue researchers are exploring as they search for new ways to treat depression.

Coping With Poor Sleep and Depression

People who are depressed often feel that no matter how much they sleep, theynever feel rested. They may have a hard time getting out of bed in the morning or struggle to performactivities of daily living, such as bathing or doing household chores.

Although having low energy can certainly be related to poor sleep, the relationship between depression and fatigue is more complex.

Fatigue is not only one of the most common physical effects of depression but tends to be one of the more challenging to treat. Even after starting an antidepressant, fatigue persists in many people with major depression.

Depression and fatigue may become part of a cycle where ongoing low energy and decreasedmotivationworsen depression. Therefore, adequately addressing fatigue is crucial in creating an effective treatment plan for someone diagnosed with depression.

RecapFatigue is a serious symptom of depression and one that often persists even after treatment. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing symptoms of fatigue so that you can address some of the issues that might be causing it.

Fatigue is a serious symptom of depression and one that often persists even after treatment. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing symptoms of fatigue so that you can address some of the issues that might be causing it.

Psychomotor Symptoms

The term “psychomotor” refers to symptoms that make a person feel as though they are thinking and/or moving at a different pace than usual. For example, some people with depression perceive their thoughts as sluggish and feel like their movements seem heavy.

Others experience symptoms at the opposite end of the spectrum. They may say that they “can’t sit still,” or feel fidgety, restless, and agitated. Mentally, they may experience anxious or evenintrusive thoughts.

To some extent, psychomotor symptoms become more common as someone gets older. However, while depression in the elderly is also common, it is not a normal part of aging.

For this reason, doctors and mental health professionals need to also consider the possibility that psychomotor changes may be a sign of depression rather than just a part of aging.

People who are depressed may be under stress often or for an extended period. While it’s not the only cause, chronic stress has been known to contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension).

Chronic stress, in particular, has been linked to elevated blood pressure. In turn, hypertension increases a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease, which includes heart attacks and strokes.

Based on the growing body of evidence supporting this relationship, many researchers consider depression a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Appetite and Weight Changes

Depression in and of itself can make someone feel like eating more or less than they typically do. People who are depressed may report they have lost weight without trying or gained weight without being sure of why.

Emotional Eating

One factor that may contribute to weight gain is “emotional eating” which refers to a person using food to self-medicate feelings of depression.These behaviors can lead to weight gain over time. If someone is overweight or obese, changes in self-image, associated health problems, andweight stigmacan also contribute to (or worsen) depression.

The relationship between weight and depression may depend on more than how much someone weighs.

For example, a 2019 study proposed a specific link between higher amounts of body fat mass and depression (as the researchers did not find a link between depression andnon-fatbody mass).

Weight Loss

Depression can also cause someone to lose weight. Factors that may cause weight loss in someone who is depressed include:

People who haveeating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, often also have depression oranother mental illness.

Weight loss in eating disorders can be extreme and cause various physical symptoms.Several studies have suggested that malnutrition from inadequate food intake may worsen depression, though additional research is needed to support the theory.

People who do not get enough eat for other reasons, such as those living in poverty, patients with cancer,and the elderly, are also at risk for depression related to malnutrition.

Changes in appetite and accompanying weight loss or gain can also be a side effect of antidepressant medications.

Both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications can come with side effects. While they are usually mild and get better as the body adjusts to the drug, others may be severe and persistent. Medications used to treat depression may have side effects, many of which are physical.

A few examples of common side effects of antidepressants include:

If medication side effects are too difficult to cope with, a person is less likely to continue taking it. For someone who takes medication to manage depression, side effects from antidepressants can be a barrier to treatment.

The mental and emotional side effects of antidepressants can be serious and may indicate a medication isnot the right treatment for you. If you experience worsening feelings of anxiety and depression and/orthoughts of suicideafter starting an antidepressant, seek immediate medical care.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Negative Effects of Antidepressants

Coping With Physical Symptoms of Depression

When you go to your doctor with a physical complaint, they may not initially ask you about emotional symptoms. However, they won’t be able to accuratelydiagnose depressionwithout it. Before you can begin to deal with the physical effects of depression, you need an accurate diagnosis.

If you have depression symptoms such as persistent sadness, low mood, or loss of interest in doing things you used to enjoy, make sure you mention these feelingsto your doctor.

Your doctor also needs this information to help them decide on the most effective way totreat depression, so it’s important you let them know about the emotional, mental, and physical symptoms you are having.

A Word From Verywell

Depression hurts but mentally and physically. While the physical symptoms of depression often get less attention than the emotional ones, it is essential to pay attention to how you feel. Recognizing that feelings of physical pain, frequent sickness, sleep problems, fatigue, and changes in activity, appetite, and weight might be linked to depression can improve your chances of getting an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment for depression often involves medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. By treating your symptoms, you can begin feeling better and find relief from some of the physical effects of depression.

The Best Online Help Resources for Depression

23 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Depression.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Walker AK, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R.Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression.Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66(1):80-101. doi:10.1124/pr.113.008144Zambito Marsala S, Pistacchi M, Tocco P, et al.Pain perception in major depressive disorder: A neurophysiological case-control study.J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(1-2):19-21. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.051Robertson D, Kumbhare D, Nolet P, Srbely J, Newton G.Associations between low back pain and depression and somatization in a Canadian emerging adult population.J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2017;61(2):96–105.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Felger JC.Role of inflammation in depression and treatment implications.Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:255-286. doi:10.1007/164_2018_166Evrensel A, Ceylan ME.The gut-brain axis: The missing link in depression.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):239-44. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239Leonard BE.The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system.Curr Immunol Rev. 2010;6(3):205-212. doi:10.2174/157339510791823835Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Robillard R, Scott EM, Hermens DF.Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression.BMC Med. 2013;11:79. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-79Fava M, Ball S, Nelson JC, Sparks J, Konechnik T, Classi P, Dube S, Thase ME.Clinical relevance of fatigue as a residual symptom in major depressive disorder.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(3):250-7. doi:10.1002/da.22199Beheydt LL, Schrijvers D, Docx L, Bouckaert F, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B.Psychomotor retardation in elderly untreated depressed patients.Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2015;5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00196Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Depression is not a normal part of growing older.Seldenrijk A, Vogelzangs N, Batelaan NM, Wieman I, Van schaik DJ, Penninx BJ.Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease.J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):123-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007Penninx BW.Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):277-286. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.003Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Konttinen H, van Strien T, Männistö S, Jousilahti P, Haukkala A.Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. Published 2019 Aug 5. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Calvo-Rivera MP, Navarrete-Páez MI, Bodoano I, Gutiérrez-Rojas L.Comorbidity between anorexia nervosa and depressive disorder: A narrative review.Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(3):155-163. doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0188Gauthier C, Launay J, Thiebaud M, Godart N.The impact of malnutrition on the peripheral serotoninergic system in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review.Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2015;11(1):8-18. doi:10.2174/1573400510666140619211433Mattar L, Huas C, Duclos J, Apfel A, Godart N.Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in anorexia nervosa: A critical review of the literature.J Affect Disord. 2011;132(3):311-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.014Westin T, Jansson A, Zenckert C, Hällström T, Edström S.Mental depression is associated with malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1449-53. doi:10.1001/archotol.1988.01860240099032Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M.Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population.J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S15-9.

23 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Depression.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Walker AK, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R.Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression.Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66(1):80-101. doi:10.1124/pr.113.008144Zambito Marsala S, Pistacchi M, Tocco P, et al.Pain perception in major depressive disorder: A neurophysiological case-control study.J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(1-2):19-21. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.051Robertson D, Kumbhare D, Nolet P, Srbely J, Newton G.Associations between low back pain and depression and somatization in a Canadian emerging adult population.J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2017;61(2):96–105.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Felger JC.Role of inflammation in depression and treatment implications.Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:255-286. doi:10.1007/164_2018_166Evrensel A, Ceylan ME.The gut-brain axis: The missing link in depression.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):239-44. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239Leonard BE.The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system.Curr Immunol Rev. 2010;6(3):205-212. doi:10.2174/157339510791823835Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Robillard R, Scott EM, Hermens DF.Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression.BMC Med. 2013;11:79. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-79Fava M, Ball S, Nelson JC, Sparks J, Konechnik T, Classi P, Dube S, Thase ME.Clinical relevance of fatigue as a residual symptom in major depressive disorder.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(3):250-7. doi:10.1002/da.22199Beheydt LL, Schrijvers D, Docx L, Bouckaert F, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B.Psychomotor retardation in elderly untreated depressed patients.Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2015;5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00196Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Depression is not a normal part of growing older.Seldenrijk A, Vogelzangs N, Batelaan NM, Wieman I, Van schaik DJ, Penninx BJ.Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease.J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):123-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007Penninx BW.Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):277-286. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.003Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Konttinen H, van Strien T, Männistö S, Jousilahti P, Haukkala A.Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. Published 2019 Aug 5. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Calvo-Rivera MP, Navarrete-Páez MI, Bodoano I, Gutiérrez-Rojas L.Comorbidity between anorexia nervosa and depressive disorder: A narrative review.Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(3):155-163. doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0188Gauthier C, Launay J, Thiebaud M, Godart N.The impact of malnutrition on the peripheral serotoninergic system in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review.Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2015;11(1):8-18. doi:10.2174/1573400510666140619211433Mattar L, Huas C, Duclos J, Apfel A, Godart N.Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in anorexia nervosa: A critical review of the literature.J Affect Disord. 2011;132(3):311-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.014Westin T, Jansson A, Zenckert C, Hällström T, Edström S.Mental depression is associated with malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1449-53. doi:10.1001/archotol.1988.01860240099032Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M.Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population.J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S15-9.

National Institute of Mental Health.Depression.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Walker AK, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R.Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression.Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66(1):80-101. doi:10.1124/pr.113.008144Zambito Marsala S, Pistacchi M, Tocco P, et al.Pain perception in major depressive disorder: A neurophysiological case-control study.J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(1-2):19-21. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.051Robertson D, Kumbhare D, Nolet P, Srbely J, Newton G.Associations between low back pain and depression and somatization in a Canadian emerging adult population.J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2017;61(2):96–105.Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037Felger JC.Role of inflammation in depression and treatment implications.Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:255-286. doi:10.1007/164_2018_166Evrensel A, Ceylan ME.The gut-brain axis: The missing link in depression.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):239-44. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239Leonard BE.The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system.Curr Immunol Rev. 2010;6(3):205-212. doi:10.2174/157339510791823835Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Robillard R, Scott EM, Hermens DF.Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression.BMC Med. 2013;11:79. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-79Fava M, Ball S, Nelson JC, Sparks J, Konechnik T, Classi P, Dube S, Thase ME.Clinical relevance of fatigue as a residual symptom in major depressive disorder.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(3):250-7. doi:10.1002/da.22199Beheydt LL, Schrijvers D, Docx L, Bouckaert F, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B.Psychomotor retardation in elderly untreated depressed patients.Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2015;5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00196Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Depression is not a normal part of growing older.Seldenrijk A, Vogelzangs N, Batelaan NM, Wieman I, Van schaik DJ, Penninx BJ.Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease.J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):123-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007Penninx BW.Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):277-286. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.003Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Konttinen H, van Strien T, Männistö S, Jousilahti P, Haukkala A.Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. Published 2019 Aug 5. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4Calvo-Rivera MP, Navarrete-Páez MI, Bodoano I, Gutiérrez-Rojas L.Comorbidity between anorexia nervosa and depressive disorder: A narrative review.Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(3):155-163. doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0188Gauthier C, Launay J, Thiebaud M, Godart N.The impact of malnutrition on the peripheral serotoninergic system in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review.Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2015;11(1):8-18. doi:10.2174/1573400510666140619211433Mattar L, Huas C, Duclos J, Apfel A, Godart N.Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in anorexia nervosa: A critical review of the literature.J Affect Disord. 2011;132(3):311-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.014Westin T, Jansson A, Zenckert C, Hällström T, Edström S.Mental depression is associated with malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1449-53. doi:10.1001/archotol.1988.01860240099032Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M.Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population.J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S15-9.

National Institute of Mental Health.Depression.

Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, et al.Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: a systematic review.Spine J. 2016;16(1):105-16. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.10.037

Walker AK, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R.Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression.Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66(1):80-101. doi:10.1124/pr.113.008144

Zambito Marsala S, Pistacchi M, Tocco P, et al.Pain perception in major depressive disorder: A neurophysiological case-control study.J Neurol Sci. 2015;357(1-2):19-21. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.051

Robertson D, Kumbhare D, Nolet P, Srbely J, Newton G.Associations between low back pain and depression and somatization in a Canadian emerging adult population.J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2017;61(2):96–105.

Felger JC.Role of inflammation in depression and treatment implications.Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;250:255-286. doi:10.1007/164_2018_166

Evrensel A, Ceylan ME.The gut-brain axis: The missing link in depression.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):239-44. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239

Leonard BE.The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system.Curr Immunol Rev. 2010;6(3):205-212. doi:10.2174/157339510791823835

Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Robillard R, Scott EM, Hermens DF.Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression.BMC Med. 2013;11:79. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-79

Fava M, Ball S, Nelson JC, Sparks J, Konechnik T, Classi P, Dube S, Thase ME.Clinical relevance of fatigue as a residual symptom in major depressive disorder.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(3):250-7. doi:10.1002/da.22199

Beheydt LL, Schrijvers D, Docx L, Bouckaert F, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B.Psychomotor retardation in elderly untreated depressed patients.Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2015;5. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00196

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Depression is not a normal part of growing older.

Seldenrijk A, Vogelzangs N, Batelaan NM, Wieman I, Van schaik DJ, Penninx BJ.Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease.J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(2):123-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.007

Penninx BW.Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;74(Pt B):277-286. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.003

Speed MS, Jefsen OH, Børglum AD, Speed D, Østergaard SD.Investigating the association between body fat and depression via Mendelian randomization.Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):184. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0516-4

Konttinen H, van Strien T, Männistö S, Jousilahti P, Haukkala A.Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0791-8

Calvo-Rivera MP, Navarrete-Páez MI, Bodoano I, Gutiérrez-Rojas L.Comorbidity between anorexia nervosa and depressive disorder: A narrative review.Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(3):155-163. doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0188

Gauthier C, Launay J, Thiebaud M, Godart N.The impact of malnutrition on the peripheral serotoninergic system in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review.Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2015;11(1):8-18. doi:10.2174/1573400510666140619211433

Mattar L, Huas C, Duclos J, Apfel A, Godart N.Relationship between malnutrition and depression or anxiety in anorexia nervosa: A critical review of the literature.J Affect Disord. 2011;132(3):311-8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.014

Westin T, Jansson A, Zenckert C, Hällström T, Edström S.Mental depression is associated with malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1449-53. doi:10.1001/archotol.1988.01860240099032

Vafaei Z, Mokhtari H, Sadooghi Z, Meamar R, Chitsaz A, Moeini M.Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population.J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S15-9.

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Recap#

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