On This Page:ToggleLinguistic Intelligence (word smart)Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (number/reasoning smart)Spatial Intelligence (picture smart)Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (body smart)Musical Intelligence (music smart)Interpersonal Intelligence (people smart)Intrapersonal Intelligence (self-smart)Naturalist intelligence (nature smart)Critical Evaluation
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Howard Gardner first proposed the theory of multiple intelligences in his 1983 book “Frames of Mind”, where he broadens the definition of intelligence and outlines several distinct types of intellectual competencies.
Gardner developed a series of eight inclusion criteria while evaluating each “candidate” intelligence that was based on a variety of scientific disciplines.
He writes that we may all have these intelligences, but our profile of these intelligences may differ individually based on genetics or experience.
Gardner defines intelligence as a “biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture” (Gardner, 2000, p.28).
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences posits that individuals possess various distinct types of intelligences, rather than a single general intelligence. These types encompass areas like linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences, emphasizing a broader understanding of human capability.
What is Multiple Intelligences Theory?
Linguistic Intelligence(word smart)
Linguistic Intelligence is a part of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory that deals with sensitivity to the spoken and written language, ability to learn languages, and capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals.
Linguistic intelligence involves the ability to use language masterfully to express oneself rhetorically or poetically. It includes the ability to manipulate syntax, structure, semantics, and phonology of language.
People with linguistic intelligence, such as William Shakespeare and Oprah Winfrey, have the ability to analyze information and create products involving oral and written language, such as speeches, books, and memos.
Careers you could dominate with your linguistic intelligence:
Lawyer
Speaker / Host
Journalist
Curator
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence(number/reasoning smart)
Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.
Logical-mathematical intelligence involves the ability to use logic, abstractions, reasoning, and critical thinking to solve problems. It includes the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system.
People with logical-mathematical intelligence, such as Albert Einstein and Bill Gates, have an ability to develop equations and proofs, make calculations, and solve abstract problems.
Careers you could dominate with your logical-mathematical intelligence:
Mathematician
Accountant
Statistician
Scientist
Computer Analyst
Spatial Intelligence(picture smart)
Spatial intelligence involves the ability to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately. It includes the ability to transform, modify, or manipulate visual information. People with high spatial intelligence are good at visualization, drawing, sense of direction, puzzle building, and reading maps.
People with spatial intelligence, such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Amelia Earhart, have the ability to recognize and manipulate large-scale and fine-grained spatial images.
Careers you could dominate with your spatial intelligence:
Pilot
Surgeon
Architect
Graphic Artist
Interior Decorator
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence(body smart)
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body (like the hand or the mouth) to solve problems or to fashion products.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves using the body with finesse, grace, and skill. It includes physical coordination, balance, dexterity, strength, and flexibility. People with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are good at sports, dance, acting, and physical crafts.
People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, such as Michael Jordan and Simone Biles, can use one’s own body to create products, perform skills, or solve problems through mind–body union.
Careers you could dominate with your bodily-kinesthetic intelligence:
Dancer
Athlete
Mechanic
Carpenter
Physical Therapist
Musical Intelligence(music smart)
Musical intelligencerefers to the skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns.
Musical intelligence involves the ability to perceive, discriminate, create, and express musical forms. It includes sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, melody, and tone color. People with high musical intelligence are good at singing, playing instruments, and composing music.
People with musical intelligence, such as Beethoven and Ed Sheeran, have the ability to recognize and create musical pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.
Careers you could dominate with your musical intelligence:
Singer
Composer
DJ
Musician
Interpersonal Intelligence(people smart)
Interpersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently, to work effectively with others.
Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It includes sensitivity to other people’s moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires. People with high interpersonal intelligence communicate well and can build rapport.
People with interpersonal intelligence, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa, have the ability to recognize and understand other people’s moods, desires, motivations, and intentions.
Careers you could dominate with your interpersonal intelligence:
Teacher
Psychologist
Manager
Salespeople
Public Relations
Intrapersonal Intelligence(self-smart)
Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself, to have an effective working model of oneself, including one’s desires, fears, and capacities—and to use such information effectively in regulating one’s own life.
It includes self-awareness, personal cognizance, and the ability to refine, analyze, and articulate one’s emotional life.
People with intrapersonal intelligence, such as Aristotle and Maya Angelou, have the ability to recognize and understand his or her own moods, desires, motivations, and intentions.
This type of intelligence can help a person understand which life goals are important and how to achieve them.
Careers you could dominate with your intrapersonal intelligence:
Therapist
Counselor
Entrepreneur
Clergy
Naturalist intelligence(nature smart)
Naturalist intelligence involves the ability to recognize, categorize, and draw upon patterns in the natural environment. It includes sensitivity to the flora, fauna, and phenomena in nature. People with high naturalist intelligence are good at classifying natural forms.
Naturalistic intelligence involves expertise in recognizing and classifying the numerous species—the flora and fauna—of his or her environment.
People with naturalistic intelligence, such as Charles Darwin and Jane Goddall, have the ability to identify and distinguish among different types of plants, animals, and weather formations that are found in the natural world.
Careers you could dominate with your naturalist intelligence:
Botanist
Biologist
Astronomer
Meteorologist
Geologist
Critical Evaluation
Most resistance to multiple intelligences theory has come from cognitive psychologists and psychometricians. Cognitive psychologists such as Waterhouse (2006) claimed that there is no empirical evidence to the validity of the theory of multiple intelligences.
Psychometricians, or psychologists involved in testing, argue that intelligence tests support the concept for a single general intelligence, “g”, rather than the eight distinct competencies (Gottfredson, 2004). Other researchers argue that Gardner’s intelligences comes second or third to the “g” factor (Visser, Ashton, & Vernon, 2006).
Some responses to this criticism include that the multiple intelligences theory doesn’t dispute the existence of the “g” factor; it proposes that it is equal along with the other intelligences. Many critics overlook the inclusion criteria Gardner set forth.
Gardner was surprised to find that Multiple Intelligences theory has been used most widely in educational contexts. He developed this theory to challenge academic psychologists, and therefore, he did not present many educational suggestions. For this reason, teachers and educators were able to take the theory and apply it as they saw fit.
As it gained popularity in this field, Gardner has maintained that practitioners should determine the theory’s best use in classrooms. He has often declined opportunities to aid in curriculum development that uses multiple intelligences theory, opting to only provide feedback at most (Gardner, 2011).
Most of the criticism has come from those removed from the classroom, such as journalists and academics. Educators are not typically tied to the same standard of evidence and are less concerned with abstract inconsistencies, which has given them the freedom to apply it with their students and let the results speak for itself (Armstrong, 2019).
Support
Shearer (2020) provides extensive empirical evidence from neuroscience research supporting MI theory.
Shearer reviewed evidence from over 500 functional neuroimaging studies that associate patterns of brain activation with the cognitive components of each intelligence.
The visual network was associated with the visual-spatial intelligence, somatomotor networks with kinesthetic intelligence, fronto-parietal networks with logical and general intelligence, auditory networks with musical intelligence, and default mode networks with intra- and interpersonal intelligences. The coherence and distinctiveness of these networks provides robust support for the neural validity of MI theory
He concludes that human intelligence is best characterized as being multiple rather than singular, with each person possessing unique neural potentials aligned with specific intelligences.
Implications for Learning
The most important educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences can be summed up through individuation and pluralization. Individuation posits that because each person differs from other another there is no logical reason to teach and assess students identically.
Individualized education has typically been reserved for the wealthy and others who could afford to hire tutors to address individual student’s needs.
Technology has now made it possible for more people to access a variety of teachings and assessments depending on their needs. Pluralization, the idea that topics and skills should be taught in more than one way, activates an individual’s multiple intelligences.
Presenting a variety of activities and approaches to learning helps reach all students and encourages them to be able to think about the subjects from various perspectives, deepening their knowledge of that topic (Gardner, 2011b).
A common misconception about the theory of multiple intelligences is that it is synonymous with learning styles. Gardner states that learning styles refer to the way an individual is most comfortable approaching a range of tasks and materials.
Multiple intelligences theory states that everyone has all eight intelligences at varying degrees of proficiency and an individual’s learning style is unrelated to the areas in which they are the most intelligent.
Research shows that students are more engaged and learn best when they are given various ways to demonstrate their knowledge and skills, which also helps teachers more accurately assess student learning (Darling-Hammond, 2010).
Therapeutic Benefits of Incorporating Multiple Intelligences Within Therapy
Pearson et al. (2015) investigated the experiences of 8 counselors who introduced multiple intelligences (MI) theory and activities into therapy sessions with adult clients. The counselors participated in a 1-day MI training intervention and were interviewed 3 months later about their experiences using MI in practice.
The major themes that emerged fromqualitative analysisof the interviews were:
The authors conclude that MI may enhance alliances, effectiveness, and counselor confidence. They recommend further research on long-term impacts and optimal training approaches. Counselor education could teach MI theory, assessment, and tailored interventions.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can understanding the theory of multiple intelligences contribute to self-awareness and personal growth?
By identifying their own unique mix of intelligences, individuals can gain a greater understanding of their own strengths and limitations and develop a more well-rounded sense of self.
Additionally, recognizing and valuing the diverse strengths and abilities of others canpromote empathy, respect, and cooperation in personal and professional relationships.
Why is multiple intelligence theory important?Understanding multiple intelligences is important because it helps individuals recognize that intelligence is not just about academic achievement orIQscores, but also includes a range of different abilities and strengths.By identifying their own unique mix of intelligences, individuals can develop a greater sense of self-awareness and self-esteem, as well as pursue career paths that align with their strengths and interests.Additionally, understanding multiple intelligences can promote more inclusive and personalized approaches to education and learning that recognize and value the diverse strengths and abilities of all students.
Why is multiple intelligence theory important?
Understanding multiple intelligences is important because it helps individuals recognize that intelligence is not just about academic achievement orIQscores, but also includes a range of different abilities and strengths.By identifying their own unique mix of intelligences, individuals can develop a greater sense of self-awareness and self-esteem, as well as pursue career paths that align with their strengths and interests.Additionally, understanding multiple intelligences can promote more inclusive and personalized approaches to education and learning that recognize and value the diverse strengths and abilities of all students.
Understanding multiple intelligences is important because it helps individuals recognize that intelligence is not just about academic achievement orIQscores, but also includes a range of different abilities and strengths.
By identifying their own unique mix of intelligences, individuals can develop a greater sense of self-awareness and self-esteem, as well as pursue career paths that align with their strengths and interests.
Additionally, understanding multiple intelligences can promote more inclusive and personalized approaches to education and learning that recognize and value the diverse strengths and abilities of all students.
Are certain types of intelligence more valued or prioritized in society than others?Yes, certain types of intelligence, such as linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, are often prioritized in traditional education and assessment methods.However, the theory of multiple intelligences challenges this narrow definition of intelligence and recognizes the value of a diverse range of strengths and abilities.By promoting a more inclusive and personalized approach to education and learning, the theory of multiple intelligences can help individuals recognize and develop their unique mix of intelligences, regardless of whether they align with traditional societal expectations.
Are certain types of intelligence more valued or prioritized in society than others?
Yes, certain types of intelligence, such as linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, are often prioritized in traditional education and assessment methods.However, the theory of multiple intelligences challenges this narrow definition of intelligence and recognizes the value of a diverse range of strengths and abilities.By promoting a more inclusive and personalized approach to education and learning, the theory of multiple intelligences can help individuals recognize and develop their unique mix of intelligences, regardless of whether they align with traditional societal expectations.
Yes, certain types of intelligence, such as linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, are often prioritized in traditional education and assessment methods.
However, the theory of multiple intelligences challenges this narrow definition of intelligence and recognizes the value of a diverse range of strengths and abilities.
By promoting a more inclusive and personalized approach to education and learning, the theory of multiple intelligences can help individuals recognize and develop their unique mix of intelligences, regardless of whether they align with traditional societal expectations.
What is the difference between multiple intelligences and learning styles?The theory of multiple intelligences proposes that individuals possess a range of different types of intelligence. In contrast, learning styles refer to an individual’s preferred way of processing information, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.While both theories emphasize the importance of recognizing and valuing individual differences in learning and development, multiple intelligence theory proposes a broader and more diverse range of intelligences beyond traditional academic abilities, while learning styles are focused on preferences for processing information.
What is the difference between multiple intelligences and learning styles?
The theory of multiple intelligences proposes that individuals possess a range of different types of intelligence. In contrast, learning styles refer to an individual’s preferred way of processing information, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.While both theories emphasize the importance of recognizing and valuing individual differences in learning and development, multiple intelligence theory proposes a broader and more diverse range of intelligences beyond traditional academic abilities, while learning styles are focused on preferences for processing information.
The theory of multiple intelligences proposes that individuals possess a range of different types of intelligence. In contrast, learning styles refer to an individual’s preferred way of processing information, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.
While both theories emphasize the importance of recognizing and valuing individual differences in learning and development, multiple intelligence theory proposes a broader and more diverse range of intelligences beyond traditional academic abilities, while learning styles are focused on preferences for processing information.
References
Armstrong, T. (2009).Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Ascd.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2010).Performance Counts: Assessment Systems That Support High-Quality Learning.Council of Chief State School Officers.
Davis, K., Christodoulou, J., Seider, S., & Gardner, H. E. (2011). The theory of multiple intelligences.Davis, K., Christodoulou, J., Seider, S., & Gardner, H.(2011).The theory of multiple intelligences. In RJ Sternberg & SB Kaufman (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 485-503.
Edutopia. (2013, March 8).Multiple Intelligences: What Does the Research Say?https://www.edutopia.org/multiple-intelligences-research
Gardner, H. E. (2000).Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Hachette UK.
Gardner, H. (2011a).Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Hachette Uk.
Gardner, H. (2011b).The theory of multiple intelligences: As psychology, as education, as social science.Address delivered at José Cela University on October, 29, 2011.
Gottfredson, L. S. (2004).Schools and the g factor.The Wilson Quarterly (1976-), 28(3), 35-45.
Pearson, M., O’Brien, P., & Bulsara, C. (2015). A multiple intelligences approach to counseling: Enhancing alliances with a focus on strengths.Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(2), 128–142
Shearer, C. B. (2020). A resting state functional connectivity analysis of human intelligence: Broad theoretical and practical implications for multiple intelligences theory.Psychology & Neuroscience, 13(2), 127–148.
Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2006).Beyond g: Putting multiple intelligences theory to the test.Intelligence, 34(5), 487-502.
Waterhouse, L. (2006).Inadequate evidence for multiple intelligences, Mozart effect, and emotional intelligence theories.Educational Psychologist, 41(4), 247-255.
Further Information
Saul McLeod, PhD
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester
Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc
BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education
Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.
Michele MarenusResearch ScientistB.A., Psychology, Ed.M., Harvard Graduate School of EducationMichele Marenus is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Michigan with over seven years of experience in psychology research.
Michele MarenusResearch ScientistB.A., Psychology, Ed.M., Harvard Graduate School of Education
Michele Marenus
Research Scientist
B.A., Psychology, Ed.M., Harvard Graduate School of Education
Michele Marenus is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Michigan with over seven years of experience in psychology research.
