Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDefinitionCharacteristicsInfluencesMeasuringEffects on BehaviorHow to Increase
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Definition
Characteristics
Influences
Measuring
Effects on Behavior
How to Increase
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Openness refers to how open-minded you are to new ideas or experiences. Research has also connected this personality trait with creativity and intelligence.In the field of psychology, openness is sometimes called ‘openness/intellect’ or ‘open to experience.’
Here we explore what openness means, ways that it can affect your behavior, and how it is measured. We also discuss why some people are more open than others and provide steps you can take if you want to strengthen this aspect ofyour personality.
What Openness Means
Openness is one of theBig Five personality traits. The Big Five theory suggests that personality is composed of five major dimensions:
Each of these dimensions is represented on a continuum. This means that you can be high in openness, low in openness, or somewhere in the middle.
Research indicates that whether you are high or low in the Big Five personality traits can impact your physical and mental health, relationships, and school and work performance.
High Openness
People high in the trait of openness tend tobe more open-mindedand willing to embrace new ideas and novel experiences. They approach unfamiliar things with a level of curiosity. They’re also good at thinking about and making connections between different concepts and ideas.
Being high in openness is associated withhigher levels of creativityand increased creative achievement, particularly in the arts.Some research has even connected this trait with a higher level of intelligence. For instance, one study noted that people with genius-level intelligence often have high openness.
Mindful MomentNeed a breather? Take this free8-minute meditation focused on opening your mind—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
Mindful Moment
Need a breather? Take this free8-minute meditation focused on opening your mind—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
Low Openness
People low in openness tend toprefer routineand tradition. Unlike individuals with high openness, they approach new experiences and ideas with great caution and strive for familiarity instead.
Someone low in openness may pass up opportunities that involve change, even if those changes could lead to academic or career advancement. Rather than pursue a career that would be more rewarding, for instance, they may decide to stay in their current role because it is familiar.
Individuals with extremely low openness may be seen as rigid and close-minded, and they may find it difficult tocope with change.
Common Characteristics of Openness
A person high in openness tends to have several of the following characteristics:
Openness to experience is correlated with another psychological trait known as absorption. Absorption involves having a vivid imagination and increases one’s likelihood of having spiritual experiences, along with being linked with greaterhypnotic susceptibility.
People high in openness enjoy things that are new, different, and surprising. They are also more likely to pay attention to their feelings and inner experiences.
Factors That Influence Openness
For example, one study found that openness predicted 18% of the brain’s default network function variation, suggesting a biological component to this trait.This network deals with retrieving episodic memories, future thinking, and creative cognition.
Other studies suggest that one’s environment plays a role in openness development.The way you were parented and your interactions with others can both impact how open you are to new ideas and experiences.
It’s important to recognize that environment can be a two-way street. Where you tend to spend most of your time can impact personality trait development, but your personality traits can also influence the types of environments you prefer to frequent.
Some studies suggest that openness tends to decrease with age.
Determining Your Level of Openness
Like the other personality dimensions, openness to experience is often measured usingself-report inventories. These questionnaires typically contain a number of statements and people must choose a response that best reflects how much they agree with the statements on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
How Open to Experience Are You?
If you are curious about how you might score on this personality trait, this informal quiz can give you a general idea. Examples of statements used to determine one’s level of openness include:
If you strongly agree with most or all of these statements, you are likely very open to experience. If you strongly disagree, you might be low in openness. If your answers are somewhere in between, you are probably like most people and fall somewhere in the middle of the openness spectrum.
The advantage of self-reports is that they are quick and easy to administer. One potential downside, however, is that their results aren’t always reliable.
People sometimes answer in ways that they consider to be more socially desirable. In other instances, they select answers that reflect how theywantto see themselves rather than choosing answers that are more reflective of their true thoughts and behaviors.
Ways Openness Can Affect Behavior
Your level of openness can impact the way you behave, also affecting the types of activities you may choose to pursue. Here are several effects to consider.
Creativity and Innovation
Openness to experience is the personality trait that research most closely links with creativity.People high in openness tend to be more creative in general, along with being more likely to pursue creative achievements, engage indivergent thinking, and take part in creative hobbies.
Research also strongly connects psychological openness with a greater likelihood of making breakthrough innovations.Breakthrough innovations are those that achieve a dramatic impact, such as changing industry dynamics or altering a specific market.
Learning and Knowledge
Open people tend to have a higher level ofintrinsic motivationto pursue knowledge for its own sake.They’re curious about the world and want to learn more about how it works.
Openness has also been linked to what is known as ‘need for cognition.‘The need for cognition is a tendency to pursue activities that necessitate thinking, including thinking about ideas and engaging in mentally complex tasks.
People with a high need for cognition enjoy solving puzzles, brainstorming solutions to problems, and analyzing ideas.
Research adds that this trait is correlated not only with intelligence, butcrystallized intelligencespecifically.This type of intelligence involves the ability to use all of the facts and knowledge that a person acquires throughout life.
What Does ‘Cognitive’ Mean in Psychology?
Political Attitudes
Your level of openness can affect where you stand politically. People high in openness tend to be more liberal.They’re more open toward and accepting of others from diverse social, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Conversely, low openness is associated with right-wing authoritarianism and conservativism.
How Politics Impact Your Mental Health
Relationships
How open you are can play a role in how you handle your relationships. If you have low openness and are alsolow in trust, for example, you may experience greater anxiety in social situations.This can cause you to avoid large gatherings or to engage in behaviors that make you feel safer during social events.
In intimate relationships, your level of openness can affect your attitudes and behaviors related to sex. Some studies link greater openness withmore frequent sexual activityin married couples.Others link higher levels of openness with increased sexual satisfaction.
Additional Impacts of Openness
People high in openness may be better equipped todeal with life changes. As an example, one study found that when workers switched from going into a workplace to doing their jobs remotely, those higher in openness had an easier time adapting to this change.
While being open is often considered a positive trait, this doesn’t mean that it doesn’t have any downsides. Because people high in openness are more willing to try different coping strategies, they also have an elevated risk ofnon-suicidal self-harm.
How to Increase Your Openness
If you want to be more open to ideas and experiences, there are a few things you can do:
A Word From Verywell
Openness can play a role in different areas of life. It’s important to remember, however, that personality traits are only one of many factors that shape your life. Other factors—including circumstances, both situational and societal—also play a critical role.
Overview of Personality Psychology
23 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Benedek M, Jauk E, Sommer M, Arendasy M, Neubauer A.Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity.Intelligence. 2014;46:73-83. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007Soto CJ.Do links between personality and life outcomes generalize? Testing the robustness of trait-outcome associations across gender, age, ethnicity, and analytic approaches.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2020;12(1):118-130. doi:10.1177/1948550619900572Kaufman SB, Quilty LC, Grazioplene RG, et al.Openness to experience and intellect differentially predict creative achievement in the arts and sciences.J Pers. 2016;84(2):248-258. doi:10.1111/jopy.12156McCrae RR, Greenberg DM.Openness to experience.Wiley Handbook of Genius. 2014;12:222-243. doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12DeYoung CG, Quilty LC, Peterson JB, Gray JR.Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability.J Personal Assess. 2014;96(1):46-52. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806327De Neve JE.Personality, childhood experience, and political ideology.Polit Psychol. 2015;36(1):55-73. doi:10.1111/pops.12075Lifshitz M, van Elk M, Luhrmann TM.Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms.Consciousness Cognition. 2019;73:102760. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.008Beaty RE, Kaufman SC, Benedek M, et al.Personality and complex brain networks: The role of openness to experience in default network efficiency.Human Brain Map. 2015;37(2):773-779. doi:10.1002/hbm.23065Barańczuk U.The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis.Personal Individ Diff. 2019;139:217-227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025Matz SC, Harari GM.Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.J Personal Soc Psychol. 2021;120(5):1367-1385. doi:10.1037/pspp0000297Gonzatti V, Medeiros da Cunha A, Goettems Bastos A, et al.Personality factors in adults and the elderly: a comparative study.Aval Psicol. 2017;16(3):253-260. doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1603.11921Brenner PS, DeLamater J.Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias.Soc Psychol Q. 2016;79(4):333-354. doi:10.1177/0190272516628298Mewes L, Ebert T, Obschonka M, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD.Psychological openness and the emergence of breakthrough vs. incremental innovations: A regional perspective.Econ Geo. 2022;98(4):379-410. doi:10..1080/00130095.2022.2049228Jauk E, Benedek M, Neubauer AC. The road to creative achievement: A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors.Eur J Personal. 2014;28(1):95-105. doi:10.1002/per.1941Madrid HP, Patterson MG.Creativity at work as a joint function between openness to experience, need for cognition and organizational fairness.Learn Individ Diff. 2016;51:409-416. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.010Shi B, Dai DY, Lu Y.Openness to experience as a moderator of the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking: A study of Chinese children in urban and rural areas.Front Psychol. 2016;7:641. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00641Osborne D, Costello TH, Duckitt J, Sibley CG.The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism.Nat Rev Psychol. 2023;2:220-232. doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4Friesen A, Ksiazkiewicz A.Do political attitudes and religiosity share a genetic path?Politic Behav. 2014;37:791-818. doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9291-3Kaplan SC, Levinson CA, Rodebaugh TL, Menatti A, Weeks JW.Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: The interactive relationship of trust and openness.Cognitive Behav Ther. 2015;44(3):212-222. doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032Meltzer AL, McNulty JK.Who is having more and better sex? The Big Five as predictors of sex in a marriage.J Res Personal. 2016;63:62-66. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.010Jirjahn U, Ottenbacher M.Big Five personality traits and sex.J Pop Econom. 2022;36:549-580. doi:10.1007/s00148-022-00893-2Anderson AJ, Kaplan SA, Vega RP.The impact of telework on emotional experience: When, and for whom, does telework improve daily affective well-being?Eur J Work Organiz Psychol. 2015;24(6):882-897. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2014.966086Young R, Sproeber N, Groschwitz RC, Preiss M, Plener PL.Why alternative teenagers self-harm: exploring the link between non-suicidal self-injury, attempted suicide and adolescent identity.BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:137. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-137
23 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Benedek M, Jauk E, Sommer M, Arendasy M, Neubauer A.Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity.Intelligence. 2014;46:73-83. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007Soto CJ.Do links between personality and life outcomes generalize? Testing the robustness of trait-outcome associations across gender, age, ethnicity, and analytic approaches.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2020;12(1):118-130. doi:10.1177/1948550619900572Kaufman SB, Quilty LC, Grazioplene RG, et al.Openness to experience and intellect differentially predict creative achievement in the arts and sciences.J Pers. 2016;84(2):248-258. doi:10.1111/jopy.12156McCrae RR, Greenberg DM.Openness to experience.Wiley Handbook of Genius. 2014;12:222-243. doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12DeYoung CG, Quilty LC, Peterson JB, Gray JR.Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability.J Personal Assess. 2014;96(1):46-52. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806327De Neve JE.Personality, childhood experience, and political ideology.Polit Psychol. 2015;36(1):55-73. doi:10.1111/pops.12075Lifshitz M, van Elk M, Luhrmann TM.Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms.Consciousness Cognition. 2019;73:102760. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.008Beaty RE, Kaufman SC, Benedek M, et al.Personality and complex brain networks: The role of openness to experience in default network efficiency.Human Brain Map. 2015;37(2):773-779. doi:10.1002/hbm.23065Barańczuk U.The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis.Personal Individ Diff. 2019;139:217-227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025Matz SC, Harari GM.Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.J Personal Soc Psychol. 2021;120(5):1367-1385. doi:10.1037/pspp0000297Gonzatti V, Medeiros da Cunha A, Goettems Bastos A, et al.Personality factors in adults and the elderly: a comparative study.Aval Psicol. 2017;16(3):253-260. doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1603.11921Brenner PS, DeLamater J.Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias.Soc Psychol Q. 2016;79(4):333-354. doi:10.1177/0190272516628298Mewes L, Ebert T, Obschonka M, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD.Psychological openness and the emergence of breakthrough vs. incremental innovations: A regional perspective.Econ Geo. 2022;98(4):379-410. doi:10..1080/00130095.2022.2049228Jauk E, Benedek M, Neubauer AC. The road to creative achievement: A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors.Eur J Personal. 2014;28(1):95-105. doi:10.1002/per.1941Madrid HP, Patterson MG.Creativity at work as a joint function between openness to experience, need for cognition and organizational fairness.Learn Individ Diff. 2016;51:409-416. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.010Shi B, Dai DY, Lu Y.Openness to experience as a moderator of the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking: A study of Chinese children in urban and rural areas.Front Psychol. 2016;7:641. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00641Osborne D, Costello TH, Duckitt J, Sibley CG.The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism.Nat Rev Psychol. 2023;2:220-232. doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4Friesen A, Ksiazkiewicz A.Do political attitudes and religiosity share a genetic path?Politic Behav. 2014;37:791-818. doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9291-3Kaplan SC, Levinson CA, Rodebaugh TL, Menatti A, Weeks JW.Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: The interactive relationship of trust and openness.Cognitive Behav Ther. 2015;44(3):212-222. doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032Meltzer AL, McNulty JK.Who is having more and better sex? The Big Five as predictors of sex in a marriage.J Res Personal. 2016;63:62-66. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.010Jirjahn U, Ottenbacher M.Big Five personality traits and sex.J Pop Econom. 2022;36:549-580. doi:10.1007/s00148-022-00893-2Anderson AJ, Kaplan SA, Vega RP.The impact of telework on emotional experience: When, and for whom, does telework improve daily affective well-being?Eur J Work Organiz Psychol. 2015;24(6):882-897. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2014.966086Young R, Sproeber N, Groschwitz RC, Preiss M, Plener PL.Why alternative teenagers self-harm: exploring the link between non-suicidal self-injury, attempted suicide and adolescent identity.BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:137. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-137
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Benedek M, Jauk E, Sommer M, Arendasy M, Neubauer A.Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity.Intelligence. 2014;46:73-83. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007Soto CJ.Do links between personality and life outcomes generalize? Testing the robustness of trait-outcome associations across gender, age, ethnicity, and analytic approaches.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2020;12(1):118-130. doi:10.1177/1948550619900572Kaufman SB, Quilty LC, Grazioplene RG, et al.Openness to experience and intellect differentially predict creative achievement in the arts and sciences.J Pers. 2016;84(2):248-258. doi:10.1111/jopy.12156McCrae RR, Greenberg DM.Openness to experience.Wiley Handbook of Genius. 2014;12:222-243. doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12DeYoung CG, Quilty LC, Peterson JB, Gray JR.Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability.J Personal Assess. 2014;96(1):46-52. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806327De Neve JE.Personality, childhood experience, and political ideology.Polit Psychol. 2015;36(1):55-73. doi:10.1111/pops.12075Lifshitz M, van Elk M, Luhrmann TM.Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms.Consciousness Cognition. 2019;73:102760. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.008Beaty RE, Kaufman SC, Benedek M, et al.Personality and complex brain networks: The role of openness to experience in default network efficiency.Human Brain Map. 2015;37(2):773-779. doi:10.1002/hbm.23065Barańczuk U.The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis.Personal Individ Diff. 2019;139:217-227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025Matz SC, Harari GM.Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.J Personal Soc Psychol. 2021;120(5):1367-1385. doi:10.1037/pspp0000297Gonzatti V, Medeiros da Cunha A, Goettems Bastos A, et al.Personality factors in adults and the elderly: a comparative study.Aval Psicol. 2017;16(3):253-260. doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1603.11921Brenner PS, DeLamater J.Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias.Soc Psychol Q. 2016;79(4):333-354. doi:10.1177/0190272516628298Mewes L, Ebert T, Obschonka M, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD.Psychological openness and the emergence of breakthrough vs. incremental innovations: A regional perspective.Econ Geo. 2022;98(4):379-410. doi:10..1080/00130095.2022.2049228Jauk E, Benedek M, Neubauer AC. The road to creative achievement: A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors.Eur J Personal. 2014;28(1):95-105. doi:10.1002/per.1941Madrid HP, Patterson MG.Creativity at work as a joint function between openness to experience, need for cognition and organizational fairness.Learn Individ Diff. 2016;51:409-416. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.010Shi B, Dai DY, Lu Y.Openness to experience as a moderator of the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking: A study of Chinese children in urban and rural areas.Front Psychol. 2016;7:641. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00641Osborne D, Costello TH, Duckitt J, Sibley CG.The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism.Nat Rev Psychol. 2023;2:220-232. doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4Friesen A, Ksiazkiewicz A.Do political attitudes and religiosity share a genetic path?Politic Behav. 2014;37:791-818. doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9291-3Kaplan SC, Levinson CA, Rodebaugh TL, Menatti A, Weeks JW.Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: The interactive relationship of trust and openness.Cognitive Behav Ther. 2015;44(3):212-222. doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032Meltzer AL, McNulty JK.Who is having more and better sex? The Big Five as predictors of sex in a marriage.J Res Personal. 2016;63:62-66. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.010Jirjahn U, Ottenbacher M.Big Five personality traits and sex.J Pop Econom. 2022;36:549-580. doi:10.1007/s00148-022-00893-2Anderson AJ, Kaplan SA, Vega RP.The impact of telework on emotional experience: When, and for whom, does telework improve daily affective well-being?Eur J Work Organiz Psychol. 2015;24(6):882-897. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2014.966086Young R, Sproeber N, Groschwitz RC, Preiss M, Plener PL.Why alternative teenagers self-harm: exploring the link between non-suicidal self-injury, attempted suicide and adolescent identity.BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:137. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-137
Benedek M, Jauk E, Sommer M, Arendasy M, Neubauer A.Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity.Intelligence. 2014;46:73-83. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007
Soto CJ.Do links between personality and life outcomes generalize? Testing the robustness of trait-outcome associations across gender, age, ethnicity, and analytic approaches.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2020;12(1):118-130. doi:10.1177/1948550619900572
Kaufman SB, Quilty LC, Grazioplene RG, et al.Openness to experience and intellect differentially predict creative achievement in the arts and sciences.J Pers. 2016;84(2):248-258. doi:10.1111/jopy.12156
McCrae RR, Greenberg DM.Openness to experience.Wiley Handbook of Genius. 2014;12:222-243. doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12
DeYoung CG, Quilty LC, Peterson JB, Gray JR.Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability.J Personal Assess. 2014;96(1):46-52. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806327
De Neve JE.Personality, childhood experience, and political ideology.Polit Psychol. 2015;36(1):55-73. doi:10.1111/pops.12075
Lifshitz M, van Elk M, Luhrmann TM.Absorption and spiritual experience: A review of evidence and potential mechanisms.Consciousness Cognition. 2019;73:102760. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.008
Beaty RE, Kaufman SC, Benedek M, et al.Personality and complex brain networks: The role of openness to experience in default network efficiency.Human Brain Map. 2015;37(2):773-779. doi:10.1002/hbm.23065
Barańczuk U.The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis.Personal Individ Diff. 2019;139:217-227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025
Matz SC, Harari GM.Personality-place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.J Personal Soc Psychol. 2021;120(5):1367-1385. doi:10.1037/pspp0000297
Gonzatti V, Medeiros da Cunha A, Goettems Bastos A, et al.Personality factors in adults and the elderly: a comparative study.Aval Psicol. 2017;16(3):253-260. doi:10.15689/ap.2017.1603.11921
Brenner PS, DeLamater J.Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias.Soc Psychol Q. 2016;79(4):333-354. doi:10.1177/0190272516628298
Mewes L, Ebert T, Obschonka M, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD.Psychological openness and the emergence of breakthrough vs. incremental innovations: A regional perspective.Econ Geo. 2022;98(4):379-410. doi:10..1080/00130095.2022.2049228
Jauk E, Benedek M, Neubauer AC. The road to creative achievement: A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors.Eur J Personal. 2014;28(1):95-105. doi:10.1002/per.1941
Madrid HP, Patterson MG.Creativity at work as a joint function between openness to experience, need for cognition and organizational fairness.Learn Individ Diff. 2016;51:409-416. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.010
Shi B, Dai DY, Lu Y.Openness to experience as a moderator of the relationship between intelligence and creative thinking: A study of Chinese children in urban and rural areas.Front Psychol. 2016;7:641. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00641
Osborne D, Costello TH, Duckitt J, Sibley CG.The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism.Nat Rev Psychol. 2023;2:220-232. doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4
Friesen A, Ksiazkiewicz A.Do political attitudes and religiosity share a genetic path?Politic Behav. 2014;37:791-818. doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9291-3
Kaplan SC, Levinson CA, Rodebaugh TL, Menatti A, Weeks JW.Social anxiety and the Big Five personality traits: The interactive relationship of trust and openness.Cognitive Behav Ther. 2015;44(3):212-222. doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032
Meltzer AL, McNulty JK.Who is having more and better sex? The Big Five as predictors of sex in a marriage.J Res Personal. 2016;63:62-66. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.05.010
Jirjahn U, Ottenbacher M.Big Five personality traits and sex.J Pop Econom. 2022;36:549-580. doi:10.1007/s00148-022-00893-2
Anderson AJ, Kaplan SA, Vega RP.The impact of telework on emotional experience: When, and for whom, does telework improve daily affective well-being?Eur J Work Organiz Psychol. 2015;24(6):882-897. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2014.966086
Young R, Sproeber N, Groschwitz RC, Preiss M, Plener PL.Why alternative teenagers self-harm: exploring the link between non-suicidal self-injury, attempted suicide and adolescent identity.BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:137. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-137
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