Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhere Did the Concept of Explanatory Styles Come From?These Are the Three Parameters of Explanatory StylesHow Explanatory Styles Relate to Your Stress Levels?Can People Change Their Explanatory Style?

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Where Did the Concept of Explanatory Styles Come From?

These Are the Three Parameters of Explanatory Styles

How Explanatory Styles Relate to Your Stress Levels?

Can People Change Their Explanatory Style?

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Your explanatory style affects your life in ways you may not realize. It can minimize your stress response or exacerbate it. It can keep you feeling safe in socially dangerous situations, or endangered in relatively safe ones. It can also motivate you when you’re faced with challenges or leave you feeling vulnerable to them.

Psychologists use the term “explanatory style” today to describe how people explain the events of their lives.

But what exactly does this all mean and where did this idea come from? Read ahead to learn more.

When something happens, our explanatory style is part of how we process it, attach meaning to it, and assess it as a threat or a challenge in our lives. It’s partself-talkand part self-perception, and it affects stress levels in multiple ways.

There are three parameters (internality, stability, and globality) of how people can explain a situation to themselves. Each one can lean toward optimism or pessimism.

Three Parameters of Explanatory StylesInternalityStabilityGlobality

Three Parameters of Explanatory Styles

InternalityStabilityGlobality

Stable vs. Unstable

This has to do with how you perceive thepermanenceof a situation. Is it changing across time or unchanging? Do you expect things to get better or worse, or stay exactly as they are for a long time?

This can make a difference in how stressful something seems. If you are taking a stressful class in school, you at least know that the class will be over in a few months (whereas a stressful job may be something to deal with for years).

Global vs. Local

Is a stressor universal throughout your life (that is,pervasive)? Or is it specific to a part of your life? A good example of this is the feeling of havinggood or bad luck. If you feel yourself to be unlucky (bad luck pervades throughout your life), one negative experience may seem like an omen that more bad things are to come.

Likewise, if you attribute a poor performance at work as being due to something global like a perceived inability to do the job well, onefailuremay seem like a sign of more failures to come.

Someone who views onepoor performanceas being a sign of one bad day orlack of sleep—something more local and less global—will have an easier time shaking off one failure.

Internal vs. External

Do you see the cause of an event as within yourself (personalization) or outside yourself? If you are having a difficult day and you see it as being “your fault,” you’ll feel morestressedthan if you see it as due to factors other than you.

Likewise, when you are facing conflict with others, seeing the problem as being rooted in something that is “their problem” rather than “your fault” can help you totake things less personallyand feel less hurt.

If many people have the same complaints about you, it helps to look at what they are saying to assess whether there is something you may want to change. But generally, it helps to know that many people’s complaints can have more to do with them than with you.

Explanatory styles affect how we perceive the world, which can affect our experience of stress as well as our reactions to our stressors.

If You Have a Positive Explanatory Style

As you may have guessed,optimiststend to have more positive explanatory styles—ones that minimize stressful situations as unstable, local, and external and take credit for positive experiences as being more stable, global, and internal.

If You Have a Negative Explanatory Style

Negative explanatory styles tend to create more stress in life and can make our stressors feel more threatening.

Pessimists tend to see things in the opposite way, which can make stress seem like a bigger deal than it may need to be and expands stressful feelings even, research shows, symptoms of depression.

Studies also show that people with negative explanatory styles may have more trouble recovering from stressful life events.

Yes! Explanatory styles can be altered with attention and practice. However, you will need to learn how torecognize your own cognitive distortionsand practicecognitive restructuring techniquesto change those distortions. Doing so can lead to a change in explanatory styles from a negative explanatory style to a more positive one.

5 Steps to Becoming More of an Optimist

2 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tianqiang Hu, Dajun Zhang, and Zhengzhong Yang.The Relationship Between Attributional Style for Negative Outcomes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2015;34(4):304-321.Kleiman EM, Chiara AM, Liu RT, Jager-Hyman SG, Choi JY, Alloy LB.Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events.Cognition and Emotion. 2017;31(2): 269-283.Additional ReadingHu T, Zhang D, and Yang Z.The relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression: A meta-analysis.J Soc Clin Psych. 2015;34(4):304-321. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304.Jowsey SG, Cutshall SM, Colligan RC, et al.Seligman’s theory of attributional style: optimism, pessimism, and quality of life after heart transplant.Prog Transplant. 2012;22(1):49-55.

2 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tianqiang Hu, Dajun Zhang, and Zhengzhong Yang.The Relationship Between Attributional Style for Negative Outcomes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2015;34(4):304-321.Kleiman EM, Chiara AM, Liu RT, Jager-Hyman SG, Choi JY, Alloy LB.Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events.Cognition and Emotion. 2017;31(2): 269-283.Additional ReadingHu T, Zhang D, and Yang Z.The relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression: A meta-analysis.J Soc Clin Psych. 2015;34(4):304-321. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304.Jowsey SG, Cutshall SM, Colligan RC, et al.Seligman’s theory of attributional style: optimism, pessimism, and quality of life after heart transplant.Prog Transplant. 2012;22(1):49-55.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Tianqiang Hu, Dajun Zhang, and Zhengzhong Yang.The Relationship Between Attributional Style for Negative Outcomes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2015;34(4):304-321.Kleiman EM, Chiara AM, Liu RT, Jager-Hyman SG, Choi JY, Alloy LB.Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events.Cognition and Emotion. 2017;31(2): 269-283.

Tianqiang Hu, Dajun Zhang, and Zhengzhong Yang.The Relationship Between Attributional Style for Negative Outcomes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2015;34(4):304-321.

Kleiman EM, Chiara AM, Liu RT, Jager-Hyman SG, Choi JY, Alloy LB.Optimism and well-being: a prospective multi-method and multi-dimensional examination of optimism as a resilience factor following the occurrence of stressful life events.Cognition and Emotion. 2017;31(2): 269-283.

Hu T, Zhang D, and Yang Z.The relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression: A meta-analysis.J Soc Clin Psych. 2015;34(4):304-321. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304.Jowsey SG, Cutshall SM, Colligan RC, et al.Seligman’s theory of attributional style: optimism, pessimism, and quality of life after heart transplant.Prog Transplant. 2012;22(1):49-55.

Hu T, Zhang D, and Yang Z.The relationship between attributional style for negative outcomes and depression: A meta-analysis.J Soc Clin Psych. 2015;34(4):304-321. doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.304.

Jowsey SG, Cutshall SM, Colligan RC, et al.Seligman’s theory of attributional style: optimism, pessimism, and quality of life after heart transplant.Prog Transplant. 2012;22(1):49-55.

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