How Does Psychedelic Teletherapy Work?

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat the Research SaysThe Rise in Psychedelic TeletherapyCompanies, Costs & ComplicationsHow It WorksWhat Conditions Does Ketamine Help With?The Future of Psychedelic TeletherapyIs At-Home Ketamine Safe?

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

What the Research Says

The Rise in Psychedelic Teletherapy

Companies, Costs & Complications

How It Works

What Conditions Does Ketamine Help With?

The Future of Psychedelic Teletherapy

Is At-Home Ketamine Safe?

Close

Long gone are the days whenpsychedelicsand hallucinogenics were solely illegal substances used on the clubbing and underground circuits. In fact, these days, it is possible to get psychedelic teletherapy from home to treatdepressionand other mental health conditions.

With the legalization of marijuana, Americans’ attitudes towards these substances are loosening—along with research showing the potential for healing with many of these drugs: particularlypsilocybin(mushrooms), MDMA (ecstasy), andketamine(Special K).

Additionally, as rates of depression rise—between 2015 and 2023, the number of people living with depression rose from 19.6% of the population to 29%—and more and more Americans are taking antidepressants, 60% of people find that the first antidepressant they try is not beneficial.

This is where alternative treatments, such as psychedelic therapy, come in.

Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Verywell Mind Survey

Although research for other psychedelics shows promise, including long-term symptom relief with psilocybin,ketamine is currently the only hallucinogenic legal in the United States, as it is also used as an anesthetic for surgery.

Pharmacologically, ketamine is considered a dissociative anesthetic, although it can have some hallucinogenic effects.Ketamine for depressionhas been studied in earnest since the late 1990s, with a study from the year 2000 touting its antidepressant properties.Its biggest strength is how quickly it works.

One study reported a significant reduction in suicidal ideation in people given a ketamine infusion in the emergency room in 90 minutes,compared to the weeks an antidepressant medication might take.

Ketamine has been used off-label since the early 2000s for depression, but in 2019, the nasal ketamine preparationSpravatowas fast-tracked for FDA approval because of its promise.

Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Typically, ketamine is administered in a clinic, either via an intravenous infusion or through the Spravato nose spray—both of which require patients to be observed during the experience and after to monitor for side effects like nausea, elevated blood pressure, and confusion.

Sometimes, a ketamine clinic will also have a therapist on staff for an “integration” session afterward to help the patient process what might have come up during the “trip” and discuss how to integrate insights into the person’s life post-experience.

What Is Psychedelic Therapy?

The coronavirus pandemic created a perfect storm for ketamine teletherapy to be born: a dramatically increased need and awareness for mental health care services, a meteoric rise intelehealth services, and a loosening of restrictions to allow for the expansion of telehealth services.

These changing restrictions allowed doctors to prescribe controlled substances like ketamine via telehealth, whereas previous regulations prohibited ketamine teletherapy unless the patient had previously been seen in person.Since then, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has officially extended the ability to prescribe controlled substances that were first introduced during the pandemic.

Psychedelic Teletherapy Companies, Costs, and Complications

Many of these companies feature slick pitch decks for investors touting the market potential—that is, the potential for more people struggling with mental illness to make money off of. Providing ketamine via teletherapy is even explicitly highlighted as a cost-cutting measure so that more patients can be seen.

The cost of treatment varies wildly. Six ketamine infusions and six integration sessions with Stella cost $4,466, while Mindbloom’s total treatment cost is $1,176, including six ketamine (“mindbloom”) sessions, three coaching sessions with unlimited messaging, two clinician consults, a “Bloombox” for at-home sessions, unlimited group integration circles, and access to the Mindbloom app.

Insurance rarely covers ketamine treatment, especially because most ketamine uses (with the exception of FDA-approved Spravato for treatment-resistant depression) are “off-label,” or not used for their official intended purpose; this leaves most clinics to operate as self-pay clinics that may be less tightly regulated since they are not accepting insurance.

Venture-capital-backed companies typically measure success in dollars, not patient outcomes, which may lead to cutting corners.However, if these companies can safely scale, they may bring access to those for whom this type of care might not otherwise be available.

How Psychedelic Teletherapy Works

We spoke with Dr. Michael Verbora, former Medical Director at Field Trip Health (before its transition to Stella), about the company’s at-home ketamine process. At the time, Field Trip had partnered with Nue Life, another ketamine company that specializes in at-home ketamine, to manage the process.

First, he says, patients inquire about the process and they undergo a consultation with Nue Life’s team. If they’re approved, they’re sent a single dose of ketamine.

From there, he says “they would log on, do a bunch of check-ins and monitoring and compliance with the ketamine. They would do their therapy and then report any side effects or benefits and then meet with a coach in the coming days.”

He explains that there are two main ways to do ketamine-assisted psychotherapy: “what we call the psychoanalytic way—where you take a really small dose and you feel kind of normal but a little more lubricated to speak openly about your pain and suffering. There’s also the high dose, where we encourage people to go inward and be on their own.”

When we spoke to Dr. Verbora, Field Trip required each patient to have a “sitter” to be present monitoring the patient in case of side effects or if a patient needs anything. The sitters were trained in advance and had to show their faces on Zoom prior to the start of the session.

It is important to note that, when we spoke to Dr. Verbora, a psychotherapist would not be present during the sessions with Field Trip (and with many of the others, based on their websites), and this is still true of Stella today. Patients meet with a licensed providerafterthe infusion sessions for integration sessions.

Ketamine, however, should not be used on people with schizophrenia or who deal with psychosis. Physically, ketamine is contraindicated for those who are pregnant, have high blood pressure, severe liver dysfunction, significant coronary artery disease, and active substance abuse.

Although ketamine is often used for suicidality, Verbora says, “if we think someone is high risk for suicide, we’re going to recommend a higher level of care or not doing ketamine at this time,” and won’t recommend at-home ketamine for those people.

Ketamine or other psychedelic treatment may also increase symptoms and distress in certain people with trauma or PTSD. Verbora won’t recommend those patients for at-home ketamine either.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

The Best Online Therapy Services for Depression We Tried and Tested

When we spoke to Field Trip Health in May of 2022, it was developing its own psychedelic, called FT-104, and had been granted a patent for it. The psychedelic works somewhat similarly to psilocybin, but with a two-to-three-hour experience, rather than the three to six psilocybin might usually take.

Verbora told us that Field Trip was planning on moving to otherpsychedelicsas they are approved in the United States but that he might not immediately offer them via telehealth as those experiences are generally longer than an hour-long ketamine experience. Now, Stella (formerly Field Trip) offers the following treatments:

However, the data is exciting. One study showed a significant antidepressant response in patients who did just two sessions of psilocybin—and sustained the results at a six-month follow-up.

Many companies are currently working on developing psychedelic medications, and psilocybin and MDMA are currently in advanced-state clinical trials for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. One 2023 overview of current evidenceand another 2023 randomized controlled trialdemonstrated that MDMA improved severe symptoms of PTSD, while a 2024 overview of existing evidence reiterated that psilocybin therapy could be efficacious in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression.

In 2017, the American Psychiatric Association released a consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders, advising clinicians on how to work with ketamine.

These recommendations were geared towards ketamineinfusions, but their recommendations of getting a detailed medical history, including lab results, still apply, along with being prepared for adverse events.

Rachel Gersten,a licensed mental health counselor, is skeptical.

Rachel Gersten, licensed clinical mental health counselor

However, some research shows that although sub-lingual ketamine (the form that is often used in these home treatments) may have much lower bioavailability than intravenous ketamine, it does also come with fewer side effects.Bioavailability refers to how much of the medicine gets into your system.

A Word From Verywell

While ketamine treatment for depression has been around for some time now, it is still growing as an industry, and a 2018 investigation found wild inconsistencies among brick-and-mortar clinics in terms of following the recommendations of the American Psychiatric Association—including not thoroughly screening patients or having adequate medical and mental health staffing, as well as over-hyping the potential benefits of the treatment.

As psychedelic teletherapy is brand new, it’s crucial to do your research and ask plenty of questions before considering this is a treatment option.

20 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Witters, D. (2024, October 16).U.S. depression rates reach new highs. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/505745/depression-rates-reach-new-highs.aspxEffectiveness of common antidepressants: A post market release study - eclinicalmedicine. (n.d.-a).https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00451-X/fulltextCarhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xBerman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al.Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.Biological Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):351-354. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9Maguire L, Bullard T, Papa L.Ketamine for acute suicidality in the emergency department: A systematic review.The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;43:54-58. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.088Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ.Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule.WJP. 2021;11(7):297-315. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Prescribing controlled substances via telehealth. telehealth.hhs.gov. (n.d.). https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/telehealth-policy/prescribing-controlled-substances-via-telehealthPhelps J, Shah RN, Lieberman JA.The rapid rise in investment in psychedelics—cart before the horse.JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(3):189-190. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3972TripSitter.clinic.The Evolution of Mental Health…From Home.Shah RN, Berry OO.The rise of venture capital investing in mental health.JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):351. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2847Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xRiaz K, Suneel S, Hamza Bin Abdul Malik M, Kashif T, Ullah I, Waris A, Di Nicola M, Mazza M, Sani G, Martinotti G, De Berardis D.MDMA-Based Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Brief Narrative Overview of Current Evidence. Diseases. 2023 Nov 3;11(4):159. doi: 10.3390/diseases11040159. PMID: 37987270; PMCID: PMC10660711.Mitchell, J.M., Ot’alora G., M., van der Kolk, B.et al.MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Nat Med29, 2473–2480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4Borissova A, Rucker JJ.The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update. BJPsych Bull. 2024 Feb;48(1):38-44. doi: 10.1192/bjb.2023.25. PMID: 37357767; PMCID: PMC10801413.Szarmach J, Cubała WJ, Włodarczyk A, Wiglusz MS.Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression: focus on cardiovascular safety.Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):585-590.Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al.A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080Rolan P, Lim S, Sunderland V, Liu Y, Molnar V.The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation: Bioavailability of sublingual ketamine.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(6):1011-1016. doi:10.1111/bcp.12264Ketamine gives hope to patients with severe depression. But some clinics stray from the science and hype its benefits.STAT.

20 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Witters, D. (2024, October 16).U.S. depression rates reach new highs. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/505745/depression-rates-reach-new-highs.aspxEffectiveness of common antidepressants: A post market release study - eclinicalmedicine. (n.d.-a).https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00451-X/fulltextCarhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xBerman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al.Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.Biological Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):351-354. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9Maguire L, Bullard T, Papa L.Ketamine for acute suicidality in the emergency department: A systematic review.The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;43:54-58. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.088Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ.Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule.WJP. 2021;11(7):297-315. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Prescribing controlled substances via telehealth. telehealth.hhs.gov. (n.d.). https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/telehealth-policy/prescribing-controlled-substances-via-telehealthPhelps J, Shah RN, Lieberman JA.The rapid rise in investment in psychedelics—cart before the horse.JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(3):189-190. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3972TripSitter.clinic.The Evolution of Mental Health…From Home.Shah RN, Berry OO.The rise of venture capital investing in mental health.JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):351. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2847Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xRiaz K, Suneel S, Hamza Bin Abdul Malik M, Kashif T, Ullah I, Waris A, Di Nicola M, Mazza M, Sani G, Martinotti G, De Berardis D.MDMA-Based Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Brief Narrative Overview of Current Evidence. Diseases. 2023 Nov 3;11(4):159. doi: 10.3390/diseases11040159. PMID: 37987270; PMCID: PMC10660711.Mitchell, J.M., Ot’alora G., M., van der Kolk, B.et al.MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Nat Med29, 2473–2480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4Borissova A, Rucker JJ.The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update. BJPsych Bull. 2024 Feb;48(1):38-44. doi: 10.1192/bjb.2023.25. PMID: 37357767; PMCID: PMC10801413.Szarmach J, Cubała WJ, Włodarczyk A, Wiglusz MS.Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression: focus on cardiovascular safety.Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):585-590.Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al.A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080Rolan P, Lim S, Sunderland V, Liu Y, Molnar V.The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation: Bioavailability of sublingual ketamine.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(6):1011-1016. doi:10.1111/bcp.12264Ketamine gives hope to patients with severe depression. But some clinics stray from the science and hype its benefits.STAT.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Witters, D. (2024, October 16).U.S. depression rates reach new highs. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/505745/depression-rates-reach-new-highs.aspxEffectiveness of common antidepressants: A post market release study - eclinicalmedicine. (n.d.-a).https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00451-X/fulltextCarhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xBerman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al.Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.Biological Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):351-354. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9Maguire L, Bullard T, Papa L.Ketamine for acute suicidality in the emergency department: A systematic review.The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;43:54-58. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.088Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ.Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule.WJP. 2021;11(7):297-315. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004Prescribing controlled substances via telehealth. telehealth.hhs.gov. (n.d.). https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/telehealth-policy/prescribing-controlled-substances-via-telehealthPhelps J, Shah RN, Lieberman JA.The rapid rise in investment in psychedelics—cart before the horse.JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(3):189-190. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3972TripSitter.clinic.The Evolution of Mental Health…From Home.Shah RN, Berry OO.The rise of venture capital investing in mental health.JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):351. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2847Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-xRiaz K, Suneel S, Hamza Bin Abdul Malik M, Kashif T, Ullah I, Waris A, Di Nicola M, Mazza M, Sani G, Martinotti G, De Berardis D.MDMA-Based Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Brief Narrative Overview of Current Evidence. Diseases. 2023 Nov 3;11(4):159. doi: 10.3390/diseases11040159. PMID: 37987270; PMCID: PMC10660711.Mitchell, J.M., Ot’alora G., M., van der Kolk, B.et al.MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Nat Med29, 2473–2480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4Borissova A, Rucker JJ.The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update. BJPsych Bull. 2024 Feb;48(1):38-44. doi: 10.1192/bjb.2023.25. PMID: 37357767; PMCID: PMC10801413.Szarmach J, Cubała WJ, Włodarczyk A, Wiglusz MS.Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression: focus on cardiovascular safety.Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):585-590.Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al.A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080Rolan P, Lim S, Sunderland V, Liu Y, Molnar V.The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation: Bioavailability of sublingual ketamine.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(6):1011-1016. doi:10.1111/bcp.12264Ketamine gives hope to patients with severe depression. But some clinics stray from the science and hype its benefits.STAT.

Witters, D. (2024, October 16).U.S. depression rates reach new highs. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/505745/depression-rates-reach-new-highs.aspx

Effectiveness of common antidepressants: A post market release study - eclinicalmedicine. (n.d.-a).https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00451-X/fulltext

Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Day CMJ, et al.Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(2):399-408. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x

Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al.Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.Biological Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):351-354. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9

Maguire L, Bullard T, Papa L.Ketamine for acute suicidality in the emergency department: A systematic review.The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2021;43:54-58. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.088

Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ.Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule.WJP. 2021;11(7):297-315. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297

Fields BG.Regulatory, legal, and ethical considerations of telemedicine.Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(3):409-416. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.06.004

Prescribing controlled substances via telehealth. telehealth.hhs.gov. (n.d.). https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/telehealth-policy/prescribing-controlled-substances-via-telehealth

Phelps J, Shah RN, Lieberman JA.The rapid rise in investment in psychedelics—cart before the horse.JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(3):189-190. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3972

TripSitter.clinic.The Evolution of Mental Health…From Home.

Shah RN, Berry OO.The rise of venture capital investing in mental health.JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(4):351. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2847

Riaz K, Suneel S, Hamza Bin Abdul Malik M, Kashif T, Ullah I, Waris A, Di Nicola M, Mazza M, Sani G, Martinotti G, De Berardis D.MDMA-Based Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Brief Narrative Overview of Current Evidence. Diseases. 2023 Nov 3;11(4):159. doi: 10.3390/diseases11040159. PMID: 37987270; PMCID: PMC10660711.

Mitchell, J.M., Ot’alora G., M., van der Kolk, B.et al.MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Nat Med29, 2473–2480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4

Borissova A, Rucker JJ.The development of psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression: an update. BJPsych Bull. 2024 Feb;48(1):38-44. doi: 10.1192/bjb.2023.25. PMID: 37357767; PMCID: PMC10801413.

Szarmach J, Cubała WJ, Włodarczyk A, Wiglusz MS.Short-term ketamine administration in treatment-resistant depression: focus on cardiovascular safety.Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):585-590.

Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al.A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):399. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080

Rolan P, Lim S, Sunderland V, Liu Y, Molnar V.The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation: Bioavailability of sublingual ketamine.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(6):1011-1016. doi:10.1111/bcp.12264

Ketamine gives hope to patients with severe depression. But some clinics stray from the science and hype its benefits.STAT.

Hannah Owens, LMSW

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