Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTake the Attachment Styles QuizAdult Attachment StylesCausesImpactCoping

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Table of Contents

Take the Attachment Styles Quiz

Adult Attachment Styles

Causes

Impact

Coping

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Fearful avoidant attachment is one of four adult attachment styles. Those with thisinsecure style of attachmenthave a strong desire for close relationships, but distrust others andfear intimacy.

People with a fearful-avoidant attachment style distrust others and withdraw from relationships in order to avoid rejection. This leads people with a fearful-avoidant attachment to avoid the very relationships they crave.

This article reviews how fearful-avoidant attachment style develops and describes the impacts it can have on an individual. If you are living with this attachment style, know that there are ways to cope and maintain healthy relationships.

Origins of Attachment Theory

If you’re unsure about your attachment style, thisfast and free quizcan help you identify what your thoughts and behaviors may say about your attachment.

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in 1990, Bartholomew and Horowitz proposed a four-category model of adult attachment styles that introduced the idea of fearful-avoidant attachment.

Bartholomew and Horowitz’s categories were based on the combination of two working models: on the one hand, whether or not a person feels worthy of love and support, and on the other hand, whether or not one feels other people are trustworthy and available.

This created four adult attachment styles, one secure style, and threeinsecurestyles.

Fearful-Avoidant

Individuals with fearful avoidant attachment are a combination of the preoccupied and dismissive-avoidant styles of insecure attachment. Theybelieve they are unlovableand also don’t trust other people to support and accept them. Because they think others will eventually reject them, they withdraw from relationships.

At the same time, however, they strongly desire intimacy because the acceptance of others helps them feel better about themselves. People with a fearful-avoidant attachment style want love, closeness, and connection, yet they fear and avoid it.

Fearful-avoidant attachment can lead to behavior that may be confusing to friends and romantic partners. People with this style may encourage closeness at first and then emotionally or physically retreat when they start to feel vulnerable in the relationship.

Preoccupied

Those with preoccupied attachment believe theyaren’t worthy of lovebut generally feel others are supportive and accepting. Consequently, these individuals seek validation and self-acceptance through their relationships with others.

Dismissive-Avoidant

People withdismissive-avoidant attachmenthave a sense of their own self-worth butdon’t trust other people. This makes them dismissive of the value of intimacy, leading them to avoid close relationships.

Secure

People who have a secure attachment style believe they are worthy of love and that other people are trustworthy and responsive. As a result, they are comfortable with intimacy but are also secure enough to be on their own.

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What Causes Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style?

When the child approaches the parent for comfort, the parent is unable to provide it. Because the caregiver does not offer a secure base and may function as a source of distress for the child, the child’s impulse will be to start to approach the caregiver for comfort but will then withdraw.

People who carry this fearful-avoidant attachment into adulthood will exhibit the same impulse to approach and then withdraw in their interpersonal relationships with friends, spouses, partners, colleagues, and children.

Impacts of This Attachment Style

People with fearful avoidant attachment want to form strong interpersonal bonds but also want toprotect themselves from rejection. This leads them to seek out relationships but avoid true commitment or to leave as soon as a relationship gets too intimate.

The belief that others will hurt them and that they can’t measure up in a relationship lead those with a fearful-avoidant attachment to have a range of issues.

Fearful-avoidant attachment is often considered the worst in terms of potential negative outcomes. For example, multiple studies have shown that there is an association between fearful-avoidant attachment and depression.

Meanwhile, another study found that, in comparison to other attachment styles, fearful-avoidant attachment is predictive of more sexual partners in one’s lifetime and a greater tendency to consent to sex even when it’s unwanted.

However, it is important to recognize that the effects of fearful-avoidant attachment depend on a variety of factors, including a person’s coping style and the support they receive from others. Becoming more aware of your attachment style may help you learn to cope with it more effectively.

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Coping With Fearful-Avoidant Attachment

There are ways to deal with the challenges that come with a fearful-avoidant attachment style. These include:

Learn About Your Attachment Style

If you recognize yourself in the description of fearful-avoidant attachment, it helps to learn more as this will give you insight into the patterns and thought processes that may be keeping you from getting what you want from love and life.

Keep in mind that each of the adult attachment categories is broad and may not be a perfect description of your behavior and feelings.

Still, if you aren’t aware of your patterns, you can’t change them, so learning about the attachment style that best fits you can be the first step in this direction.

Set and Communicate Boundaries in Relationships

If you fear that sharing too much about yourself in a relationship too quickly will lead you to withdraw, slow things down.Communicateto your partner that you are most comfortable taking your time opening up and that you will be doing so gradually.

You can also communicate what makes you anxious and what will help you feel more secure, enabling you to feel safer in the relationship.

Be Kind to Yourself

People with fearful-avoidant attachment think negatively about themselves and can often be self-critical.

It can help you to learn to talk to yourself like you would a friend. This enables you to be more compassionate and understanding of yourself while shutting down self-criticism.

Seek Out Therapy

It can be helpful to discuss your challenges with fearful-avoidant attachment with acounselor or therapist.

Research has shown, however, that fearful-avoidant attachment may impede treatment because people with this attachment style are prone to avoiding intimacy even with a therapist.

As a result, it’s important to seek out a therapist who has experience successfully treating people with fearful-avoidant attachment and therefore knows how to overcome this potential therapeutic hurdle.

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6 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM.Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226Envision Wellness.Fearful Avoidant Attachment in Adults.Van Buren A, Cooley EL.Attachment Styles, View of Self and Negative Affect.North American Journal of Psychology. 2002;4(3):417-430.Murphy B, Bates GW.Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression.Pers Individ Dif. 1997;22(6):835-844. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00277-2Favez N, Tissot H.Fearful-Avoidant Attachment: A Specific Impact on Sexuality?J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(6):510-523. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1566946Reis S, Grenyer BFS.Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004;11(6):414-424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428

6 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM.Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226Envision Wellness.Fearful Avoidant Attachment in Adults.Van Buren A, Cooley EL.Attachment Styles, View of Self and Negative Affect.North American Journal of Psychology. 2002;4(3):417-430.Murphy B, Bates GW.Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression.Pers Individ Dif. 1997;22(6):835-844. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00277-2Favez N, Tissot H.Fearful-Avoidant Attachment: A Specific Impact on Sexuality?J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(6):510-523. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1566946Reis S, Grenyer BFS.Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004;11(6):414-424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM.Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226Envision Wellness.Fearful Avoidant Attachment in Adults.Van Buren A, Cooley EL.Attachment Styles, View of Self and Negative Affect.North American Journal of Psychology. 2002;4(3):417-430.Murphy B, Bates GW.Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression.Pers Individ Dif. 1997;22(6):835-844. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00277-2Favez N, Tissot H.Fearful-Avoidant Attachment: A Specific Impact on Sexuality?J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(6):510-523. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1566946Reis S, Grenyer BFS.Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004;11(6):414-424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428

Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM.Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226

Envision Wellness.Fearful Avoidant Attachment in Adults.

Van Buren A, Cooley EL.Attachment Styles, View of Self and Negative Affect.North American Journal of Psychology. 2002;4(3):417-430.

Murphy B, Bates GW.Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression.Pers Individ Dif. 1997;22(6):835-844. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00277-2

Favez N, Tissot H.Fearful-Avoidant Attachment: A Specific Impact on Sexuality?J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(6):510-523. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1566946

Reis S, Grenyer BFS.Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004;11(6):414-424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428

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