Health Benefits of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is MBSR?HistoryWhat an MBSR Session Is LikeBenefitsPotential RisksAlternatives and Variations

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

What Is MBSR?

History

What an MBSR Session Is Like

Benefits

Potential Risks

Alternatives and Variations

Close

What Is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a therapeutic technique in which an instructor guides participants in weekly practices likemeditationandyogain order toreduce stress levels. MBSR is a popular method to help those withanxiety,depression,chronic pain,addiction, immune disorders,high blood pressure, and more.

The goal of MBSR is to bring people into the present moment so they can experience their thoughts and feelings non-judgmentally andavoid worryingabout the past or future.

MBSR is often a complementary practice, used alongside other therapies to help people cope with various types of physical and mental distress.

This article covers the definition, history, and benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction, as well as identifies conditions that may improve as a result of MBSR. It also discusses ways you can practice mindfulness techniques on your own.

History of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

American professor Jon Kabat-Zinn founded mindfulness-based stress reduction in the 1970s at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He developed an eight-week course to treat patients' mental health and chronic pain after they hadn’t responded to traditional therapy.

Participants who completed the initial eight-week MBSR course with Kabat-Zinn scored higher on standardized psychological tests with lower pain scores. They also reported a higher quality of life compared to control groups, or people who didn’t undergo MBSR.

What Happens in an MBSR Session

An MBSR program typically runs once a week for eight weeks. The length of each session depends on the program, but usually, they last two to three hours. During each session, a certified instructor teaches participants amindfulness technique, which they practice together as a group.

During MBSR sessions, individuals strive to cultivate a greater awareness of the present moment. By increasing their mindfulness, participants aim to reduce their overall arousal and emotional reactivity andgain a deeper sense of calm.

MBSR is intended to be done in a group setting with a certified instructor. However, practicing mindfulness techniques on your own is also part of the program.

An instructor teaches the following practices in MBSR sessions:

Benefits of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

As with any treatment, the benefits you experience from MBSR sessions depend on your unique circumstances. However, research has shown that MBSR has had some promising results for people coping with stress and a variety of other health conditions.

Pain Relief

Mindfulness-based stress reduction may help relieve pain and improve psychological well-being in people dealing with chronic pain conditions. Several studies have noted that MBSR helped improve the quality of life for people dealing with lower back pain.

MBSR may also help people struggling with headaches ormigrainesexperience animproved quality of lifeand reduce pain-catastrophizing. (Pain-catastrophizing is when a person reports exaggerated levels of pain and/orfeels helplessin relationship to their pain.)

Mindfulness can improve the subjective experience of pain. In other words, someone who practices mindfulness may experience a higher pain tolerance and feel more equipped to handle the mental health effects of pain compared to someone who doesn’t practice mindfulness.

Those coping with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis may benefit from MBSR because the mindfulness component of treatment can improve immune function in the body.However, more research is needed to understand the effects of MBSR on arthritis.

Stress Management

Mindfulness allows you to notice your experience, or what’s going on inside your body, when it comes to physical or mental distress.

Feeling any resistance to your emotions or the urgency to act right away in a stressful situation? Mindfulness can give you a reprieve from the chaos, and instead, give you time and space to process your feelings first. This may help lower stress levels and promote relaxation.

Physically, mindfulness practices help to slow down the body’s functions, including heart rate, nervous system, and blood pressure. For this reason, MBSR may help someone who is coping withstressas well as those with hypertension (high blood pressure).

Reducing Anxiety and Depression

In general,focusing the mind on the present momentis linked with improved psychological states. Though it may be challenging at first, MBSR can help strengthen the skill to remain in the present.

When we don’t remain in the present moment, our thoughts, actions, and behaviors can become unconscious—eventually, you may realize that the things you think or the things you do don’t align with your values. For instance, many of us unknowingly repressself-critical thoughtsand difficult feelings.

When practicing MBSR, participants tune into their inner worlds and feel more accepting of their thoughts and feelings. This may helpreduce the severity of anxietyand depression symptoms.

One study found that MBSR reduced anxiety, depression, andsuicidal ideation in veterans.Another study found that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was as effective asantidepressantsfor preventingdepression relapse.

If you or someone you care about is having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you or someone you care about is having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Bias Reduction

Cognitive Improvements

Research suggests that mindfulness-based approaches have cognitive benefits. One study found that MBSR improved long-termmemoryandattentionin participants.MBSR has also been used as an effective complementary treatment for those withattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).

Since MBSR involves physical movement, you will need to be sure that you’re not straining yourself or worsening any prior injuries.

Consult with an instructor if you’re concerned about performing a certain movement or position. They can help you modify the position into something that feels more comfortable, or you can simply skip it altogether.

During MBSR, you may become aware of thoughts, feelings, memories, or sensations that you never noticed before. As a result, you may experience intense emotions such assadness,anger, orfearduring or after MBSR.

Talk to the instructor and/or a mental health professional if you’re having trouble processing emotions that come up.

MBSR may present a higher risk for:

If any of the above applies to you, you may consult a doctor or mental health professional to help you decide whether MBSR is right for you. It may also be helpful to speak with an MBSR instructor about their specific program and any concerns you may have.

If you do begin MBSR, checking in with a mental health professional outside of the MBSR program can be helpful. They can support you during your journey and teach you ways to manage any difficult feelings, memories, or thoughts that arise.

There are different versions or adaptations of MBSR designed to treat specific conditions. For instance,mindfulness-based cognitive therapy(MBCT) is a form of MBSR that includes mostly the same components as MBSR: meditation, yoga, and bringing yourself into the present moment.

However, MBCT uses more components of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), such as teachinghealthy coping mechanismsto reframe negative thoughts.

MBCT was developed specifically for people who’ve had depression. It’s a treatment type meant to prevent recurring episodes of depression.

Mindfulness-based relapse prevention(MBRP) is for people who have experienced substance use or addiction. The mindfulness techniques used in MBRP are aimed at helping individualsovercome substance cravingsandcope with triggersfor using substances.

Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement(MBRE) is a type ofcouples therapythat focuses on enhancing relationship satisfaction.It uses the same techniques as MBSR.

If MBSR or its variations aren’t for you, you can trycognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). CBT is considered a standard treatment for anxiety and depression.If you prefer a group setting for therapy, cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) may be a better option for you.

Practicing On Your Own

Outside of enrolling in a formal MBSR program, you may practice mindfulness strategies on your own.Try performing daily tasks mindfully. Throughout your day, whether you’re tying your shoes or washing the dishes, you can add a mindfulness component. Become extra aware of what you’re doing.

For instance, when washing the dishes, focus on how the experience affects your senses. Feel the warm water on your hands, the smell of dish detergent, and the weight of the plate in your hands.Using your five sensescan help ground you in the present moment, reduce anxiety, and promote relaxation.

You can also practice other MBSR techniques on your own, including mindfulness meditation, body scan meditation, mindful yoga, gratitude journaling, and more.

If you want to learn more about how to add mindfulness to your everyday life, there are plenty ofbooks,apps,podcasts, and online videos that may help guide you in your journey.

Remember, mindfulness is completely about your individual experience andyour acceptance of that experience. You may even create new ways of being mindful that work for you.

A Word From Verywell

21 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychological Association.Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress.Noonan S.Mindfulness-based stress reduction.Can Vet J. 2014;55(2):134-135.Weill Cornell Medicine: Psychiatry.Mindfulness based stress reduction program.Harvard Health Publishing.Learning diaphragmatic breathing.Gibson J.Mindfulness, interoception, and the body: A contemporary perspective.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2012. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012Gothe NP, Khan I, Hayes J, Erlenbach E, Damoiseaux JS.Yoga effects on brain health: A systematic review of the current literature.Brain Plast. 2019;5(1):105-122. doi:10.3233/BPL-190084Zeidan F, Baumgartner JN, Coghill RC.The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer.Pain Rep.2019;4(4):e759. doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000759Fogarty FA, Booth RJ, Gamble GD, Dalbeth N, Consedine NS.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on disease activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial.Ann Rheum Dis.2014;74(2):472-474. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205946Hofmann SG, Gómez AF.Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40(4):739-749. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008Serpa JG, Taylor SL, Tillisch K.Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans.Med Care. 2014;52(Supplement 5):S19-S24. doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000202Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al.Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4Lueke A, Gibson B.Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias: the role of reduced automaticity of responding.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2014;6(3):284-291. doi:10.1177/1948550614559651Marciniak R, Šumec R, Vyhnálek M, et al.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, cognition, and immunity in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot feasibility study.Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1365-1381. doi:10.2147/CIA.S249196Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH.Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions.Cogn Behav Pract. 2015;22(2):172-191. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002Mackenzie MB, Kocovski NL.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Trends and developments.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:125-32. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S63949UMass Memorial Health.MBCT and MBSR: The differences.Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, et al.Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):547-556. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546U.S. National Library of Medicine.Mindfulness based couples therapy.Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG.Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002/da.22728Effectiveness of CBGT compared to individual CBT. In: Söchting I.Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy. 2014:44-58. doi:10.1002/9781118510261.ch3Birtwell K, Williams K, van Marwijk H, Armitage CJ, Sheffield D.An exploration of formal and informal mindfulness practice and associations with wellbeing.Mindfulness (N Y). 2019;10(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y

21 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychological Association.Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress.Noonan S.Mindfulness-based stress reduction.Can Vet J. 2014;55(2):134-135.Weill Cornell Medicine: Psychiatry.Mindfulness based stress reduction program.Harvard Health Publishing.Learning diaphragmatic breathing.Gibson J.Mindfulness, interoception, and the body: A contemporary perspective.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2012. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012Gothe NP, Khan I, Hayes J, Erlenbach E, Damoiseaux JS.Yoga effects on brain health: A systematic review of the current literature.Brain Plast. 2019;5(1):105-122. doi:10.3233/BPL-190084Zeidan F, Baumgartner JN, Coghill RC.The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer.Pain Rep.2019;4(4):e759. doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000759Fogarty FA, Booth RJ, Gamble GD, Dalbeth N, Consedine NS.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on disease activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial.Ann Rheum Dis.2014;74(2):472-474. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205946Hofmann SG, Gómez AF.Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40(4):739-749. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008Serpa JG, Taylor SL, Tillisch K.Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans.Med Care. 2014;52(Supplement 5):S19-S24. doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000202Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al.Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4Lueke A, Gibson B.Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias: the role of reduced automaticity of responding.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2014;6(3):284-291. doi:10.1177/1948550614559651Marciniak R, Šumec R, Vyhnálek M, et al.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, cognition, and immunity in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot feasibility study.Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1365-1381. doi:10.2147/CIA.S249196Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH.Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions.Cogn Behav Pract. 2015;22(2):172-191. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002Mackenzie MB, Kocovski NL.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Trends and developments.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:125-32. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S63949UMass Memorial Health.MBCT and MBSR: The differences.Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, et al.Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):547-556. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546U.S. National Library of Medicine.Mindfulness based couples therapy.Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG.Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002/da.22728Effectiveness of CBGT compared to individual CBT. In: Söchting I.Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy. 2014:44-58. doi:10.1002/9781118510261.ch3Birtwell K, Williams K, van Marwijk H, Armitage CJ, Sheffield D.An exploration of formal and informal mindfulness practice and associations with wellbeing.Mindfulness (N Y). 2019;10(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

American Psychological Association.Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress.Noonan S.Mindfulness-based stress reduction.Can Vet J. 2014;55(2):134-135.Weill Cornell Medicine: Psychiatry.Mindfulness based stress reduction program.Harvard Health Publishing.Learning diaphragmatic breathing.Gibson J.Mindfulness, interoception, and the body: A contemporary perspective.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2012. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012Gothe NP, Khan I, Hayes J, Erlenbach E, Damoiseaux JS.Yoga effects on brain health: A systematic review of the current literature.Brain Plast. 2019;5(1):105-122. doi:10.3233/BPL-190084Zeidan F, Baumgartner JN, Coghill RC.The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer.Pain Rep.2019;4(4):e759. doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000759Fogarty FA, Booth RJ, Gamble GD, Dalbeth N, Consedine NS.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on disease activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial.Ann Rheum Dis.2014;74(2):472-474. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205946Hofmann SG, Gómez AF.Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40(4):739-749. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008Serpa JG, Taylor SL, Tillisch K.Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans.Med Care. 2014;52(Supplement 5):S19-S24. doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000202Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al.Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4Lueke A, Gibson B.Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias: the role of reduced automaticity of responding.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2014;6(3):284-291. doi:10.1177/1948550614559651Marciniak R, Šumec R, Vyhnálek M, et al.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, cognition, and immunity in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot feasibility study.Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1365-1381. doi:10.2147/CIA.S249196Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH.Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions.Cogn Behav Pract. 2015;22(2):172-191. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002Mackenzie MB, Kocovski NL.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Trends and developments.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:125-32. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S63949UMass Memorial Health.MBCT and MBSR: The differences.Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, et al.Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):547-556. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546U.S. National Library of Medicine.Mindfulness based couples therapy.Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG.Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002/da.22728Effectiveness of CBGT compared to individual CBT. In: Söchting I.Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy. 2014:44-58. doi:10.1002/9781118510261.ch3Birtwell K, Williams K, van Marwijk H, Armitage CJ, Sheffield D.An exploration of formal and informal mindfulness practice and associations with wellbeing.Mindfulness (N Y). 2019;10(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y

American Psychological Association.Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress.

Noonan S.Mindfulness-based stress reduction.Can Vet J. 2014;55(2):134-135.

Weill Cornell Medicine: Psychiatry.Mindfulness based stress reduction program.

Harvard Health Publishing.Learning diaphragmatic breathing.

Gibson J.Mindfulness, interoception, and the body: A contemporary perspective.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2012. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012

Gothe NP, Khan I, Hayes J, Erlenbach E, Damoiseaux JS.Yoga effects on brain health: A systematic review of the current literature.Brain Plast. 2019;5(1):105-122. doi:10.3233/BPL-190084

Zeidan F, Baumgartner JN, Coghill RC.The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer.Pain Rep.2019;4(4):e759. doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000759

Fogarty FA, Booth RJ, Gamble GD, Dalbeth N, Consedine NS.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on disease activity in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial.Ann Rheum Dis.2014;74(2):472-474. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205946

Hofmann SG, Gómez AF.Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017;40(4):739-749. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008

Serpa JG, Taylor SL, Tillisch K.Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans.Med Care. 2014;52(Supplement 5):S19-S24. doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000202

Kuyken W, Hayes R, Barrett B, et al.Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63-73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4

Lueke A, Gibson B.Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias: the role of reduced automaticity of responding.Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2014;6(3):284-291. doi:10.1177/1948550614559651

Marciniak R, Šumec R, Vyhnálek M, et al.The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, cognition, and immunity in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot feasibility study.Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1365-1381. doi:10.2147/CIA.S249196

Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH.Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions.Cogn Behav Pract. 2015;22(2):172-191. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.10.002

Mackenzie MB, Kocovski NL.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Trends and developments.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2016;9:125-32. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S63949

UMass Memorial Health.MBCT and MBSR: The differences.

Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, et al.Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):547-556. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546

U.S. National Library of Medicine.Mindfulness based couples therapy.

Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG.Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502-514. doi:10.1002/da.22728

Effectiveness of CBGT compared to individual CBT. In: Söchting I.Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy. 2014:44-58. doi:10.1002/9781118510261.ch3

Birtwell K, Williams K, van Marwijk H, Armitage CJ, Sheffield D.An exploration of formal and informal mindfulness practice and associations with wellbeing.Mindfulness (N Y). 2019;10(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y

Meet Our Review Board

Share Feedback

Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?HelpfulReport an ErrorOtherSubmit

Was this page helpful?

Thanks for your feedback!

What is your feedback?HelpfulReport an ErrorOtherSubmit

What is your feedback?