Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOverviewWhat Do Shrooms Do?Potential BenefitsCommon Side EffectsSigns of UseAddiction & WithdrawalHow to Get HelpFrequently Asked Questions

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Overview

What Do Shrooms Do?

Potential Benefits

Common Side Effects

Signs of Use

Addiction & Withdrawal

How to Get Help

Frequently Asked Questions

This article is purely informational and not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your healthcare provider if you think that using magic mushrooms is right for you.

Shrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, are wild or cultivated mushrooms that containpsilocybin, a naturally occurringpsychoactive and hallucinogenic compound.Some research suggests this substance may help relieve symptoms of some mental health conditions. However, shrooms are illegal in most places and carry risks that people should recognize.

Psilocybin is considered one of the most well-known psychedelics, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).Psilocybin is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning that it has a high potential for misuse and has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

What to Know About Shrooms

Also Known As: Magic mushrooms are also known as shrooms, mushies, blue meanies, golden tops, liberty caps, philosopher’s stones, liberties, amani, and agaric.

Drug Class:Psilocybin is classified as a hallucinogen.

Common Side Effects:Shrooms are known to cause unwanted side effects such as nausea, yawning, feeling drowsy, nervousness, paranoia, panic, hallucinations, and psychosis.

How to Recognize ShroomsPsilocybin mushrooms look like dried ordinary mushrooms with long, slender stems that are whitish-gray and dark brown caps that are light brown or white in the center. Dried mushrooms are a rusty brown color with isolated areas of off-white.Shrooms can be eaten, mixed with food, or brewed like tea for drinking. They can also be mixed with cannabis or tobacco and smoked. Liquid psilocybin is also available, which is the naturally occurring psychedelic drug found in liberty caps. The liquid is clear brown and comes in a small vial.

How to Recognize Shrooms

Psilocybin mushrooms look like dried ordinary mushrooms with long, slender stems that are whitish-gray and dark brown caps that are light brown or white in the center. Dried mushrooms are a rusty brown color with isolated areas of off-white.Shrooms can be eaten, mixed with food, or brewed like tea for drinking. They can also be mixed with cannabis or tobacco and smoked. Liquid psilocybin is also available, which is the naturally occurring psychedelic drug found in liberty caps. The liquid is clear brown and comes in a small vial.

Psilocybin mushrooms look like dried ordinary mushrooms with long, slender stems that are whitish-gray and dark brown caps that are light brown or white in the center. Dried mushrooms are a rusty brown color with isolated areas of off-white.

Shrooms can be eaten, mixed with food, or brewed like tea for drinking. They can also be mixed with cannabis or tobacco and smoked. Liquid psilocybin is also available, which is the naturally occurring psychedelic drug found in liberty caps. The liquid is clear brown and comes in a small vial.

A number of factors influence the effects of magic mushrooms, including dosage, age, weight, personality, emotional state, environment, and history ofmental illness.

While psilocybe mushrooms are often sought out for a peaceful high, shrooms have been reported to induce anxiety, frightening hallucinations, paranoia, and confusion in some.Hospital admissions related to the use of magic mushrooms are often connected to what is known colloquially as a “bad trip.”

What the Experts Say

Magic mushrooms have been used for thousands of years for both spiritual and medicinal uses among indigenous people of America and Europe.

Shrooms have a long historyof being associated with spiritual experiences and self-discovery. Many believe that naturally occurring drugs like magic mushrooms, marijuana, and mescaline are sacred herbs that enable people to attain superior spiritual states. Others take magic mushrooms to experience a sense of euphoria, connection, and a distorted sense of time.

The psilocybin found in shrooms is converted to psilocin in the body and is believed to influenceserotonin in the brain, leading to altered and unusual perceptions.

The effects take 20 to 40 minutes to begin and can last up to 6 hours—the same amount of time it takes for psilocin to be metabolized and excreted.

Potential Benefits of Shrooms

While some people take magic mushrooms solely for their psychoactive effects, researchers have also explored psilocybin’s potential therapeutic benefits.

Medical Use

Can shrooms help with medical conditions? Some say yes. In 2018, researchers from Johns Hopkins University recommended reclassification of psilocybin from Schedule I to Schedule IV in order to allow for medical use.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins found that psilocybin was an effectivetreatment for depressionandnicotineandalcohol addictions, as well as other substance use disorders.Studies have also shown that magic mushrooms were effective for relieving the emotional distress of people with life-threatening cancer diagnoses.

The Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins is also researching how psychedelics affect a variety of conditions such as:

It is important to note that while researchers are currently exploring the therapeutic uses for psilocybin and other psychedelics, these substances are only utilized in controlled research and medical settings under the supervision of trained professionals.

Microdosing

Shrooms are also sometimes utilized in a practice known asmicrodosing. Microdosing involves taking very small amounts of a drug to test its benefits while minimizing unwanted side effects.

One study found that people who self-medicated with small dosages of psilocybin were able to relievecluster headacheswhile avoiding any psychoactive effects of the drug.

It should be noted that researchers tend to advise against self-medicating with psilocybin for a few important reasons:

In addition, people with pre-existing mental health conditions may be more likely to experience adverse effects from psilocybin.

Most Comprehensive Microdosing Study to Date Finds it Improves Mental Health

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Some psychedelic agents are currently being investigated for their benefits when used in combination withpsychotherapy. Psilocybin is one that is being considered as a psychedelic therapeutic for both addiction and anxiety associated with terminal illness.

This therapy may work, in part, through its effects on certain personality traits. One small-scale study involving subjects withtreatment-resistant depressionfound that, after engaging in psilocybin therapy, their neuroticism scores decreased while their scores in extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness increased.

Additional research is ongoing. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough-therapy status to psilocybin-assisted therapy. This designation aims to improve the research process and hasten the development of drugs that show great promise in treating serious illnesses.

Are Psilocybe Mushrooms Legal?In 2019, Denver became the first city to decriminalize mushrooms. Oakland became the second city less than a month later. Other U.S. cities have followed suit, including Santa Cruz in California and Ann Arbor in Michigan.This does not mean that shrooms are legal, but that the city is not permitted to “spend resources to impose criminal penalties” on people in possession of the drug. However, in 2020, Oregon became the first state to establish a legal framework for receiving psilocybin therapeutically.

In 2019, Denver became the first city to decriminalize mushrooms. Oakland became the second city less than a month later. Other U.S. cities have followed suit, including Santa Cruz in California and Ann Arbor in Michigan.This does not mean that shrooms are legal, but that the city is not permitted to “spend resources to impose criminal penalties” on people in possession of the drug. However, in 2020, Oregon became the first state to establish a legal framework for receiving psilocybin therapeutically.

In 2019, Denver became the first city to decriminalize mushrooms. Oakland became the second city less than a month later. Other U.S. cities have followed suit, including Santa Cruz in California and Ann Arbor in Michigan.

This does not mean that shrooms are legal, but that the city is not permitted to “spend resources to impose criminal penalties” on people in possession of the drug. However, in 2020, Oregon became the first state to establish a legal framework for receiving psilocybin therapeutically.

What Is Psilocybin Therapy?

Risks of Psilocybin Shrooms

All hallucinogens carry the risk of triggering mental and emotional problems and causing accidents while under the influence. Among adolescents, shrooms are frequently taken in combination with alcohol and other drugs, increasing the psychological and physical risks.

The amount of psilocybin and psilocin contained in any given magic mushroom is unknown, and mushrooms vary greatly in terms of the amount of psychoactive contents. This means that it is very hard to tell the length, intensity, and type of “trip” someone will experience.

Physical Effects and Risks

Physical effects of psilocybin mushrooms include:

Since magic mushrooms look similar to poisonous mushrooms, poisoning is another potential risk of taking these drugs. Mushroom poisoning can cause severe illness, organ damage, and even death.

Mental Effects and Risks

Mental effects of shrooms are:

Self-reports suggest that bad trips, medical emergencies, and long-term adverse outcomes can occur, particularly at high doses or when combined with other substances.

Long-Term Effects of Shrooms

More research is needed on magic mushrooms' long-term, lasting side effects. But it has been reported that people can experience long-term changes in personality and flashbacks long after taking mushrooms.

Help for Mushroom PoisoningIf you suspect that you or someone you care about has consumed a poisonous mushroom, call poison control right away at800-222-1222. Don’t wait for symptoms to occur. They are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year.

Help for Mushroom Poisoning

If you suspect that you or someone you care about has consumed a poisonous mushroom, call poison control right away at800-222-1222. Don’t wait for symptoms to occur. They are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year.

Signs of Shroom Use

If your loved one is using shrooms, they may be nauseous or appear nervous or paranoid. In the case of drug use, it’s always important to pay attention to any changes in sleep and eating patterns, as well asshifts in mood, personality, and social activities.

There are rare but potential long-term effects of hallucinogens, including disorganized thinking, mood changes, paranoia, and perceptual disturbances.

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)occurs when a person experiences hallucinations or visual disturbances long after using a hallucinogenic drug. These are also known as “flashbacks” and can be mistaken for neurologic conditions.

You may notice that your loved one is experiencingother effectsof the hallucinogen, which may include:

If your loved one is taking shrooms, they might display unusual behavior due to altered perceptions or impaired judgment, such as jumping out of a window or other dangerous actions.

If the mushrooms were contaminated or mixed with other drugs, they may show signs of poisoning, including tachycardia (heart beating too fast), hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperthermia (body tissue becomes too hot), nausea, or vomiting.

Magic Mushroom Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal

Like most drugs, the more you use shrooms, the more tolerance you develop. Tolerance also develops quickly with regular use, meaning that with regular use, a person will need more of the drug to achieve the same effect.

Developing a tolerance can be especially risky with shrooms because consuming a large amount can result inoverdose symptomswhich, while not fatal, can include:

How Long Does Psilocybin Stay in Your System?

The short-term effects of magic mushrooms typically wear off in 6 to 12 hours.But people can experience long-term changes in personality and flashbacks long after taking the drug.

The average half-life of psilocybin ranges from one to two hours and it generally takes five to six half-lives for a substance to be eliminated from your system.

The typical urine drug screening for employment does not test for psilocybin, but there are specific tests that can be ordered to test for it. Like many other drugs, shrooms can be found in hair follicles for up to 90 days.

Addiction

Psilocybin isnot generally considered addictivenor does it tend to lead to compulsive use. Plus, people can build a tolerance to psilocybin fairly quickly, making it hard to have any effect after several days of repeated use.

Withdrawal

While people rarely report physical symptoms of withdrawal when they stop using the drug, some experience psychological effects, which may include depression.

How to Get Help for Magic Mushroom Misuse

If you suspect a loved one is experimenting with or regularly using shrooms in problematic ways, consider having a firm yet loving conversation with them about the risks of psychedelics—especially when combined with alcohol or other drugs. At this time, it’s also important to emphasize that you are there to help and support them.

If you have been misusing shrooms, treatments are available that can help. Talk to your doctor or mental health professional about the best strategies for you.

Psychotherapy is often recommended and may includecognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)andmotivational enhancement therapy (MET). CBT focuses on helping people change thought and behavior patterns that contribute to substance use, while MET works to improve people’s motivation to change. Support groups and lifestyle changes can also be essential in long-term recovery.

If you or a loved one are struggling with substance use or addiction, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

If you or a loved one are struggling with substance use or addiction, contact theSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helplineat1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.

Mind in the Media: How to Change Your Mind Investigates the Promise of Psychedelics

Frequently Asked QuestionsNo. In addition to their potential to be poisonous, shrooms are just as unpredictable in their effects as other drugs. Some people have reported much more intense and frightening hallucinations on magic mushrooms than on LSD.Fly agaric mushrooms contain the psychoactive chemicals ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are known to cause twitching, drooling, sweating, dizziness, vomiting, and delirium.Fly agaric mushrooms are not the same thing as psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

No. In addition to their potential to be poisonous, shrooms are just as unpredictable in their effects as other drugs. Some people have reported much more intense and frightening hallucinations on magic mushrooms than on LSD.

Fly agaric mushrooms contain the psychoactive chemicals ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are known to cause twitching, drooling, sweating, dizziness, vomiting, and delirium.Fly agaric mushrooms are not the same thing as psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

Everything You Need to Know About Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)

19 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States.F1000Res. 2013;2:98. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1de Mattos-Shipley KM, Ford KL, Alberti F, Banks AM, Bailey AM, Foster GD.The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms.Stud Mycol. 2016;85:125-157. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1279-1295. doi:10.1177/0269881116678781Daniel J, Haberman M.Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.Ment Health Clin. 2018;7(1):24-28. doi:10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.About.Rosenbaum D, Boyle AB, Rosenblum AM, Ziai S, Chasen MR, Med MP.Psychedelics for psychological and existential distress in palliative and cancer care.Curr Oncol. 2019;26(4):225-226. doi:10.3747/co.26.5009Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin.Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):734-740. doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0542-yBienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW.Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm.CMAJ. 2015;187(14):1054-1059. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141124Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, et al.Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):368-378. doi:10.1111/acps.12904U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Breakthrough therapy.Jo WS, Hossain MA, Park SC.Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms.Mycobiology. 2014;42(3):215-220. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.3.215Renfroe CL, Messinger TA.Street drug analysis: An eleven year perspective on illicit drug alteration.Semin Adolesc Med. 1985;1(4):247-257.Bienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).What are hallucinogens?Delgado J.Intoxication from LSD and other common hallucinogens. UpToDate.Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.J Anal Toxicol.2015;39(2):126-9. doi:10.1093/jat/bku141Roberts CA, Osborne-Miller I, Cole J, Gage SH, Christiansen P.Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use.J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(9):999-1007. doi:10.1177/0269881120936508Lee MR, Dukan E, Milne I.Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): From a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2018;48(1):85-91. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119Additional ReadingDrug Policy Alliance.Psilocybin mushrooms fact sheet.Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act.Neuropharmacol.2018;142:143-166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012National Institute on Drug Abuse.How do hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca) affect the brain and body?

19 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States.F1000Res. 2013;2:98. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1de Mattos-Shipley KM, Ford KL, Alberti F, Banks AM, Bailey AM, Foster GD.The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms.Stud Mycol. 2016;85:125-157. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1279-1295. doi:10.1177/0269881116678781Daniel J, Haberman M.Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.Ment Health Clin. 2018;7(1):24-28. doi:10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.About.Rosenbaum D, Boyle AB, Rosenblum AM, Ziai S, Chasen MR, Med MP.Psychedelics for psychological and existential distress in palliative and cancer care.Curr Oncol. 2019;26(4):225-226. doi:10.3747/co.26.5009Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin.Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):734-740. doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0542-yBienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW.Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm.CMAJ. 2015;187(14):1054-1059. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141124Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, et al.Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):368-378. doi:10.1111/acps.12904U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Breakthrough therapy.Jo WS, Hossain MA, Park SC.Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms.Mycobiology. 2014;42(3):215-220. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.3.215Renfroe CL, Messinger TA.Street drug analysis: An eleven year perspective on illicit drug alteration.Semin Adolesc Med. 1985;1(4):247-257.Bienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).What are hallucinogens?Delgado J.Intoxication from LSD and other common hallucinogens. UpToDate.Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.J Anal Toxicol.2015;39(2):126-9. doi:10.1093/jat/bku141Roberts CA, Osborne-Miller I, Cole J, Gage SH, Christiansen P.Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use.J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(9):999-1007. doi:10.1177/0269881120936508Lee MR, Dukan E, Milne I.Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): From a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2018;48(1):85-91. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119Additional ReadingDrug Policy Alliance.Psilocybin mushrooms fact sheet.Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act.Neuropharmacol.2018;142:143-166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012National Institute on Drug Abuse.How do hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca) affect the brain and body?

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States.F1000Res. 2013;2:98. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1de Mattos-Shipley KM, Ford KL, Alberti F, Banks AM, Bailey AM, Foster GD.The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms.Stud Mycol. 2016;85:125-157. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1279-1295. doi:10.1177/0269881116678781Daniel J, Haberman M.Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.Ment Health Clin. 2018;7(1):24-28. doi:10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.About.Rosenbaum D, Boyle AB, Rosenblum AM, Ziai S, Chasen MR, Med MP.Psychedelics for psychological and existential distress in palliative and cancer care.Curr Oncol. 2019;26(4):225-226. doi:10.3747/co.26.5009Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin.Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):734-740. doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0542-yBienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW.Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm.CMAJ. 2015;187(14):1054-1059. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141124Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, et al.Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):368-378. doi:10.1111/acps.12904U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Breakthrough therapy.Jo WS, Hossain MA, Park SC.Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms.Mycobiology. 2014;42(3):215-220. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.3.215Renfroe CL, Messinger TA.Street drug analysis: An eleven year perspective on illicit drug alteration.Semin Adolesc Med. 1985;1(4):247-257.Bienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).What are hallucinogens?Delgado J.Intoxication from LSD and other common hallucinogens. UpToDate.Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.J Anal Toxicol.2015;39(2):126-9. doi:10.1093/jat/bku141Roberts CA, Osborne-Miller I, Cole J, Gage SH, Christiansen P.Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use.J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(9):999-1007. doi:10.1177/0269881120936508Lee MR, Dukan E, Milne I.Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): From a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2018;48(1):85-91. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119

Krebs TS, Johansen PØ.Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States.F1000Res. 2013;2:98. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1

de Mattos-Shipley KM, Ford KL, Alberti F, Banks AM, Bailey AM, Foster GD.The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms.Stud Mycol. 2016;85:125-157. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002

Barrett FS, Bradstreet MP, Leoutsakos JS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1279-1295. doi:10.1177/0269881116678781

Daniel J, Haberman M.Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions.Ment Health Clin. 2018;7(1):24-28. doi:10.9740/mhc.2017.01.024

Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.About.

Rosenbaum D, Boyle AB, Rosenblum AM, Ziai S, Chasen MR, Med MP.Psychedelics for psychological and existential distress in palliative and cancer care.Curr Oncol. 2019;26(4):225-226. doi:10.3747/co.26.5009

Johnson MW, Griffiths RR.Potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin.Neurotherapeutics. 2017;14(3):734-740. doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y

Bienemann B, Ruschel NS, Campos ML, Negreiros MA, Mograbi DC.Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis.PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229067. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229067

Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW.Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm.CMAJ. 2015;187(14):1054-1059. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141124

Erritzoe D, Roseman L, Nour MM, et al.Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):368-378. doi:10.1111/acps.12904

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Breakthrough therapy.

Jo WS, Hossain MA, Park SC.Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms.Mycobiology. 2014;42(3):215-220. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.3.215

Renfroe CL, Messinger TA.Street drug analysis: An eleven year perspective on illicit drug alteration.Semin Adolesc Med. 1985;1(4):247-257.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).What are hallucinogens?

Delgado J.Intoxication from LSD and other common hallucinogens. UpToDate.

Martin R, Schürenkamp J, Gasse A, Pfeiffer H, Köhler H.Analysis of psilocin, bufotenine and LSD in hair.J Anal Toxicol.2015;39(2):126-9. doi:10.1093/jat/bku141

Roberts CA, Osborne-Miller I, Cole J, Gage SH, Christiansen P.Perceived harm, motivations for use and subjective experiences of recreational psychedelic ‘magic’ mushroom use.J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(9):999-1007. doi:10.1177/0269881120936508

Lee MR, Dukan E, Milne I.Amanita muscaria (fly agaric): From a shamanistic hallucinogen to the search for acetylcholine.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2018;48(1):85-91. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2018.119

Drug Policy Alliance.Psilocybin mushrooms fact sheet.Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act.Neuropharmacol.2018;142:143-166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012National Institute on Drug Abuse.How do hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca) affect the brain and body?

Drug Policy Alliance.Psilocybin mushrooms fact sheet.

Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE.The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the controlled substances act.Neuropharmacol.2018;142:143-166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012

National Institute on Drug Abuse.How do hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca) affect the brain and body?

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