Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDefinitionKey ElementsTheoriesTypesEmotions vs. FeelingsWhat Emotion Are You? Take the Quiz
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Definition
Key Elements
Theories
Types
Emotions vs. Feelings
What Emotion Are You? Take the Quiz
Close
Emotions have a strong influence on our daily lives. We make decisions based on whether we are happy, angry, sad, bored, or frustrated. We also choose activities and hobbies based on the emotions they incite. Understanding emotions can help us navigate life with greater ease and stability.
“Being aware of our internal emotional state and being more mindful and present with how our mind and body respond to situations enables us to manage stress better,” saysAnnie Miller, MSW, LCSW-C, LICSW. “We can then have improved emotional regulation, as well as emotional resilience and lower levels of anxiety.”
By recognizing and tuning into our own emotions, we become more self-aware, and more mindful, which allows us to make informed decisions and respond to situations more effectively.—ANNIE MILLER, MSW, LCSW-C, LICSW
By recognizing and tuning into our own emotions, we become more self-aware, and more mindful, which allows us to make informed decisions and respond to situations more effectively.
—ANNIE MILLER, MSW, LCSW-C, LICSW
What Are Emotions?
In “Discovering Psychology,” authors Don Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury suggest that emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.
In addition to trying to define what emotions are, researchers have also tried to identify and classify the different types of emotions. The descriptions and insights have changed over time.
Plutchik proposed eight primary emotional dimensions: joy vs. sadness, anger vs. fear, trust vs. disgust, and surprise vs. anticipation.These emotions can then be combined to create others, such as happiness + anticipation = excitement.
Key Elements of Emotions
To better understand what emotions are, let’s focus on their three key elements, known as the subjective experience, the physiological response, and the behavioral response.
Verywell / Emily Roberts
Subjective Experience
Consider anger.Is all anger the same?Not necessarily. Your own experience might range from mild annoyance to blinding rage. Additionally, you may experience anger differently than someone else.
While we have broad labels for emotions, such as “angry,” “sad,” or “happy,” your own experience of these emotions may be much more multi-dimensional, hence subjective.
We also don’t always experience pure forms of each emotion. Mixed emotions over different events or situations in our lives are common.
Physiological Response
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body responses, such as blood flow and digestion. The sympathetic nervous system is charged with controlling the body’sfight-or-flight reactions.
When facing a threat, fight-or-flight responses automatically prepare your body to flee from danger or face the threat head-on.
While early studies of the physiology of emotion tended to focus on autonomic responses, more recent research has targeted the brain’s role in emotions. Brain scans have shown that theamygdala, part of the limbic system, plays an important role in emotion and fear in particular.
The amygdala is a tiny, almond-shaped structure that has been linked to motivational states such as hunger and thirst as well asbehavior and emotion. Brain imaging studies reveal that when people are shown threatening images, the amygdala becomes activated. Damage to the amygdala has also been shown to impair the fear response.
How to Prevent and an Amygdala Hijack
Behavioral Response
The final component is perhaps one that you are most familiar with—the actual expression of emotion. We spend a significant amount of time interpreting the emotional expressions of the people around us. Our ability to accurately understand these expressions is tied to what psychologists callemotional intelligenceand these expressions play a major part in our overallbody language.
Sociocultural normsalso play a role in how we express and interpret emotions. For example, research has found that Western cultures tend to value and promote high-arousal emotions (fear, excitement, distress) whereas Eastern cultures typically value and prefer low-arousal emotions (calmness, serenity, peace).
Some expressions are considered universal, such as a smile to indicate happiness or a frown to indicate sadness.
Are Emotional Expressions Universal?
Theories of Emotion
Charles Darwin proposed theevolutionary theoryof emotion, which suggests that emotions are adaptive to our environment and improve our chances of survival.According to this theory, emotions like love are adaptive because they promote mating and reproduction while fear is adaptive because it keeps us safe from predators.
The James-Lange theory of emotionmaintains that our physical responses are responsible for emotion.If someone sneaks up on you and shouts, for instance, your heart rate increases, causing you to feel fear.
The facial-feedback theory elaborates on the James-Lange theory and suggests that facial movements influence emotion.If you force a smile, for instance, you will feel happier than if you didn’t smile.
The Cannon-Bard theoryrefutes the James-Lange theory, asserting that people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.An example would be feeling fear when you see a deadly snake while your body prepares to run.
TheSchachter-Singer theoryis a cognitive theory of emotion that suggests our thoughts are actually responsible for emotions.Similar to this theory is the cognitive appraisal theory. It posits that someone must first think before experiencing an emotion. For instance, your brain judges a situation as threatening, and as a result, you experience fear.
6 Major Theories of Emotion
Types of Emotions
In addition to different theories about the development of emotions, there are also various theories as to how manytypes of emotionshumans experience. As mentioned, psychologist Paul Ekman established the following six universal emotions:
Primary vs. Secondary Emotions
Emotions can also be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
Emotions, Feelings, and Moods
In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things. Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
Take the example of disagreeing with your friend. You might both walk away from the conversation having experienced the emotion of anger. Your anger might feel like frustration because you feel that your friend never listens to you when you speak. Your friend’s anger, on the other hand, might feel like jealousy because they feel you know much more about the topic than they do.
Both of you have the same emotion, but your feelings are different based on your separate interpretations.
If you’ve beenstruggling with low moodor difficult emotions, talk to a physician or amental health professionalabout your concerns. They can offer support, guidance, and solutions that can help you get back to feeling your best. OurNational Helpline Databasealso provides different resources that might help.
Our fast and free emotion quiz can help you better understand your emotional responses to certain situations, and why you may think or behave the way you do.
Most of us experience a wide variety of emotions. The feelings that stem from these emotions can feel overwhelming at times, but a helpful first step can simply be to label the emotion. Understand that it’s okay to experience any type of emotion—even emotions that can be difficult to cope with like sadness or anger.
If you are having troublecoping with your emotionsor feelings, consider talking to a mental healthcare professional who can help you address your concerns.
Frequently Asked QuestionsAll emotions can be positive or negative, but the emotions people usually call “negative” are the ones that can be unpleasant to experience and can cause disruption to daily life. Negative emotions include envy, anger, sadness, and fear.Learn More:How to Embrace Negative EmotionsResearch has shown that chronic fear is associated with anxiety, which is linked with inflammation and lowered immunity.Happiness is linked with a longer lifespan, whereas chronic sadness is linked with poorer physical health.Anger is linked with illnesses like heart disease.It’s healthy to experience all kinds of emotions, but important to develop productive ways of expressing them so they don’t take a negative toll on your health.Learn More:Coping Skills for Uncomfortable Emotions
Frequently Asked Questions
All emotions can be positive or negative, but the emotions people usually call “negative” are the ones that can be unpleasant to experience and can cause disruption to daily life. Negative emotions include envy, anger, sadness, and fear.Learn More:How to Embrace Negative Emotions
All emotions can be positive or negative, but the emotions people usually call “negative” are the ones that can be unpleasant to experience and can cause disruption to daily life. Negative emotions include envy, anger, sadness, and fear.
Learn More:How to Embrace Negative Emotions
Research has shown that chronic fear is associated with anxiety, which is linked with inflammation and lowered immunity.Happiness is linked with a longer lifespan, whereas chronic sadness is linked with poorer physical health.Anger is linked with illnesses like heart disease.It’s healthy to experience all kinds of emotions, but important to develop productive ways of expressing them so they don’t take a negative toll on your health.Learn More:Coping Skills for Uncomfortable Emotions
Research has shown that chronic fear is associated with anxiety, which is linked with inflammation and lowered immunity.Happiness is linked with a longer lifespan, whereas chronic sadness is linked with poorer physical health.Anger is linked with illnesses like heart disease.It’s healthy to experience all kinds of emotions, but important to develop productive ways of expressing them so they don’t take a negative toll on your health.
Research has shown that chronic fear is associated with anxiety, which is linked with inflammation and lowered immunity.Happiness is linked with a longer lifespan, whereas chronic sadness is linked with poorer physical health.Anger is linked with illnesses like heart disease.
It’s healthy to experience all kinds of emotions, but important to develop productive ways of expressing them so they don’t take a negative toll on your health.
Learn More:Coping Skills for Uncomfortable Emotions
31 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychological Association.Emotion.Hockenbury D. Hockenbury SE.Discovering Psychology.Gu S, Wang F, Patel NP, Bourgeois JA, Huang JH.A model for basic emotions using observations of behavior in drosophila.Front Psychol.2019;10:781. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00781Angioni M, Tuveri F.Discovering emotions through the building of a linguistic resource.Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. 2019:351-357. doi:10.5220/0008352803510357Ekman P.Basic emotions. In: Dalgliesh T, Power MJ, eds.Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. 1999:45-60. doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch3Chafale D, Pimpalkar A.Review on developing corpora for sentiment analysis using Plutchik’s wheel of emotions with fuzzy logic.Int J Comput Sci Engineer. 2014;2(10):14-18.Balzarotti S, Biassoni F, Villani D, Prunas A, Velotti P.Individual differences in cognitive emotion regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being.J Happiness Studies. 2014;17:125-143. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3Bocchio M, McHugh ST, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M.Serotonin, amygdala and fear: Assembling the puzzle.Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10:24. doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00024Klumpers F, Morgan B, Terburg D, Stein DJ, van Honk J.Impaired acquisition of classically conditioned fear-potentiated startle reflexes in humans with focal bilateral basolateral amygdala damage.Soc Cog Affect Neurosci. 2015;10(9):1161-1168. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu164Lim N.Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West.Integrat Med Res. 2016;5(2):105-109. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004Dubey M, Singh L.Automatic emotional recognition using facial expression: a review.Int Res J Engineer Tech. 2016;3(2):488-492.Ludwig RJ, Welch MG.Darwin’s other dilemmas and the theoretical roots of emotional connection.Front Psychol. 2019;10:683. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683James W.What is an emotion?.Mind. 1884;9(34):188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188Coles NA, Larsen JT, Lench HC.A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable.Psychol Bull. 2019;145(6):610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194Spielman RM, Dumper K, Jenkins W, Lacombe A, Lovett M, Perlmutter M.Emotion.Psychology - H5P Edition.Schachter S, Singer J.Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychol Rev.1962;69(5):379-399. doi:10.1037/h0046234Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, et al.Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(3):339-348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, Carrive P.Fear and the defense cascade.Harvard Rev Psychiatry.2015;23(4):263-287. doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Williams MA, Rich AN, Butko M, Case TI.Moral violations and the experience of disgust and anger.Front Behav Neurosci.2018;12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00179Martin RC.Including maladaptive anger in psychology courses.Teach Psychol.2019;47(1):102-107. doi:10.1177/0098628319889540Zhu C, Li P, Zhang Z, Liu D, Luo W.Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7576. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42951-yAmerican Psychological Association.Primary emotion.Braniecka A, Trzebińska E, Dowgiert A, Wytykowska A.Mixed emotions and coping: the benefits of secondary emotions.PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e103940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103940American Psychological Association.Secondary emotion.Cookson LJ.Differences between feelings, emotions and desires in terms of interactive quality.ASSRJ. 2015;2(7). doi:10.14738/assrj.27.1318American Psychological Association.Mood.American Psychological Association.Negative emotion.Michopoulos V, Powers A, Gillespie CF, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T.Inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;42:254-270. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146Lawrence EM, Rogers RG, Wadsworth T.Happiness and longevity in the United States.Soc Sci Med.2015;145:115-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.020Pimple P, Shah A, Rooks C, et al.Association between anger and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia.Am Heart J. 2015;169(1):115-121.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.031
31 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychological Association.Emotion.Hockenbury D. Hockenbury SE.Discovering Psychology.Gu S, Wang F, Patel NP, Bourgeois JA, Huang JH.A model for basic emotions using observations of behavior in drosophila.Front Psychol.2019;10:781. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00781Angioni M, Tuveri F.Discovering emotions through the building of a linguistic resource.Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. 2019:351-357. doi:10.5220/0008352803510357Ekman P.Basic emotions. In: Dalgliesh T, Power MJ, eds.Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. 1999:45-60. doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch3Chafale D, Pimpalkar A.Review on developing corpora for sentiment analysis using Plutchik’s wheel of emotions with fuzzy logic.Int J Comput Sci Engineer. 2014;2(10):14-18.Balzarotti S, Biassoni F, Villani D, Prunas A, Velotti P.Individual differences in cognitive emotion regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being.J Happiness Studies. 2014;17:125-143. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3Bocchio M, McHugh ST, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M.Serotonin, amygdala and fear: Assembling the puzzle.Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10:24. doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00024Klumpers F, Morgan B, Terburg D, Stein DJ, van Honk J.Impaired acquisition of classically conditioned fear-potentiated startle reflexes in humans with focal bilateral basolateral amygdala damage.Soc Cog Affect Neurosci. 2015;10(9):1161-1168. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu164Lim N.Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West.Integrat Med Res. 2016;5(2):105-109. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004Dubey M, Singh L.Automatic emotional recognition using facial expression: a review.Int Res J Engineer Tech. 2016;3(2):488-492.Ludwig RJ, Welch MG.Darwin’s other dilemmas and the theoretical roots of emotional connection.Front Psychol. 2019;10:683. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683James W.What is an emotion?.Mind. 1884;9(34):188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188Coles NA, Larsen JT, Lench HC.A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable.Psychol Bull. 2019;145(6):610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194Spielman RM, Dumper K, Jenkins W, Lacombe A, Lovett M, Perlmutter M.Emotion.Psychology - H5P Edition.Schachter S, Singer J.Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychol Rev.1962;69(5):379-399. doi:10.1037/h0046234Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, et al.Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(3):339-348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, Carrive P.Fear and the defense cascade.Harvard Rev Psychiatry.2015;23(4):263-287. doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Williams MA, Rich AN, Butko M, Case TI.Moral violations and the experience of disgust and anger.Front Behav Neurosci.2018;12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00179Martin RC.Including maladaptive anger in psychology courses.Teach Psychol.2019;47(1):102-107. doi:10.1177/0098628319889540Zhu C, Li P, Zhang Z, Liu D, Luo W.Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7576. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42951-yAmerican Psychological Association.Primary emotion.Braniecka A, Trzebińska E, Dowgiert A, Wytykowska A.Mixed emotions and coping: the benefits of secondary emotions.PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e103940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103940American Psychological Association.Secondary emotion.Cookson LJ.Differences between feelings, emotions and desires in terms of interactive quality.ASSRJ. 2015;2(7). doi:10.14738/assrj.27.1318American Psychological Association.Mood.American Psychological Association.Negative emotion.Michopoulos V, Powers A, Gillespie CF, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T.Inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;42:254-270. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146Lawrence EM, Rogers RG, Wadsworth T.Happiness and longevity in the United States.Soc Sci Med.2015;145:115-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.020Pimple P, Shah A, Rooks C, et al.Association between anger and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia.Am Heart J. 2015;169(1):115-121.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.031
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American Psychological Association.Emotion.Hockenbury D. Hockenbury SE.Discovering Psychology.Gu S, Wang F, Patel NP, Bourgeois JA, Huang JH.A model for basic emotions using observations of behavior in drosophila.Front Psychol.2019;10:781. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00781Angioni M, Tuveri F.Discovering emotions through the building of a linguistic resource.Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. 2019:351-357. doi:10.5220/0008352803510357Ekman P.Basic emotions. In: Dalgliesh T, Power MJ, eds.Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. 1999:45-60. doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch3Chafale D, Pimpalkar A.Review on developing corpora for sentiment analysis using Plutchik’s wheel of emotions with fuzzy logic.Int J Comput Sci Engineer. 2014;2(10):14-18.Balzarotti S, Biassoni F, Villani D, Prunas A, Velotti P.Individual differences in cognitive emotion regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being.J Happiness Studies. 2014;17:125-143. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3Bocchio M, McHugh ST, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M.Serotonin, amygdala and fear: Assembling the puzzle.Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10:24. doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00024Klumpers F, Morgan B, Terburg D, Stein DJ, van Honk J.Impaired acquisition of classically conditioned fear-potentiated startle reflexes in humans with focal bilateral basolateral amygdala damage.Soc Cog Affect Neurosci. 2015;10(9):1161-1168. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu164Lim N.Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West.Integrat Med Res. 2016;5(2):105-109. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004Dubey M, Singh L.Automatic emotional recognition using facial expression: a review.Int Res J Engineer Tech. 2016;3(2):488-492.Ludwig RJ, Welch MG.Darwin’s other dilemmas and the theoretical roots of emotional connection.Front Psychol. 2019;10:683. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683James W.What is an emotion?.Mind. 1884;9(34):188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188Coles NA, Larsen JT, Lench HC.A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable.Psychol Bull. 2019;145(6):610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194Spielman RM, Dumper K, Jenkins W, Lacombe A, Lovett M, Perlmutter M.Emotion.Psychology - H5P Edition.Schachter S, Singer J.Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychol Rev.1962;69(5):379-399. doi:10.1037/h0046234Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, et al.Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(3):339-348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, Carrive P.Fear and the defense cascade.Harvard Rev Psychiatry.2015;23(4):263-287. doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Williams MA, Rich AN, Butko M, Case TI.Moral violations and the experience of disgust and anger.Front Behav Neurosci.2018;12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00179Martin RC.Including maladaptive anger in psychology courses.Teach Psychol.2019;47(1):102-107. doi:10.1177/0098628319889540Zhu C, Li P, Zhang Z, Liu D, Luo W.Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7576. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42951-yAmerican Psychological Association.Primary emotion.Braniecka A, Trzebińska E, Dowgiert A, Wytykowska A.Mixed emotions and coping: the benefits of secondary emotions.PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e103940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103940American Psychological Association.Secondary emotion.Cookson LJ.Differences between feelings, emotions and desires in terms of interactive quality.ASSRJ. 2015;2(7). doi:10.14738/assrj.27.1318American Psychological Association.Mood.American Psychological Association.Negative emotion.Michopoulos V, Powers A, Gillespie CF, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T.Inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;42:254-270. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146Lawrence EM, Rogers RG, Wadsworth T.Happiness and longevity in the United States.Soc Sci Med.2015;145:115-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.020Pimple P, Shah A, Rooks C, et al.Association between anger and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia.Am Heart J. 2015;169(1):115-121.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.031
American Psychological Association.Emotion.
Hockenbury D. Hockenbury SE.Discovering Psychology.
Gu S, Wang F, Patel NP, Bourgeois JA, Huang JH.A model for basic emotions using observations of behavior in drosophila.Front Psychol.2019;10:781. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00781
Angioni M, Tuveri F.Discovering emotions through the building of a linguistic resource.Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. 2019:351-357. doi:10.5220/0008352803510357
Ekman P.Basic emotions. In: Dalgliesh T, Power MJ, eds.Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. 1999:45-60. doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch3
Chafale D, Pimpalkar A.Review on developing corpora for sentiment analysis using Plutchik’s wheel of emotions with fuzzy logic.Int J Comput Sci Engineer. 2014;2(10):14-18.
Balzarotti S, Biassoni F, Villani D, Prunas A, Velotti P.Individual differences in cognitive emotion regulation: Implications for subjective and psychological well-being.J Happiness Studies. 2014;17:125-143. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3
Bocchio M, McHugh ST, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M.Serotonin, amygdala and fear: Assembling the puzzle.Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10:24. doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00024
Klumpers F, Morgan B, Terburg D, Stein DJ, van Honk J.Impaired acquisition of classically conditioned fear-potentiated startle reflexes in humans with focal bilateral basolateral amygdala damage.Soc Cog Affect Neurosci. 2015;10(9):1161-1168. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu164
Lim N.Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West.Integrat Med Res. 2016;5(2):105-109. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004
Dubey M, Singh L.Automatic emotional recognition using facial expression: a review.Int Res J Engineer Tech. 2016;3(2):488-492.
Ludwig RJ, Welch MG.Darwin’s other dilemmas and the theoretical roots of emotional connection.Front Psychol. 2019;10:683. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683
James W.What is an emotion?.Mind. 1884;9(34):188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188
Coles NA, Larsen JT, Lench HC.A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable.Psychol Bull. 2019;145(6):610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194
Spielman RM, Dumper K, Jenkins W, Lacombe A, Lovett M, Perlmutter M.Emotion.Psychology - H5P Edition.
Schachter S, Singer J.Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychol Rev.1962;69(5):379-399. doi:10.1037/h0046234
Lazarus RS, Folkman S.Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.
Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, et al.Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(3):339-348. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7
Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, Carrive P.Fear and the defense cascade.Harvard Rev Psychiatry.2015;23(4):263-287. doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065
Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Williams MA, Rich AN, Butko M, Case TI.Moral violations and the experience of disgust and anger.Front Behav Neurosci.2018;12. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00179
Martin RC.Including maladaptive anger in psychology courses.Teach Psychol.2019;47(1):102-107. doi:10.1177/0098628319889540
Zhu C, Li P, Zhang Z, Liu D, Luo W.Characteristics of the regulation of the surprise emotion.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7576. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42951-y
American Psychological Association.Primary emotion.
Braniecka A, Trzebińska E, Dowgiert A, Wytykowska A.Mixed emotions and coping: the benefits of secondary emotions.PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e103940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103940
American Psychological Association.Secondary emotion.
Cookson LJ.Differences between feelings, emotions and desires in terms of interactive quality.ASSRJ. 2015;2(7). doi:10.14738/assrj.27.1318
American Psychological Association.Mood.
American Psychological Association.Negative emotion.
Michopoulos V, Powers A, Gillespie CF, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T.Inflammation in fear- and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;42:254-270. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146
Lawrence EM, Rogers RG, Wadsworth T.Happiness and longevity in the United States.Soc Sci Med.2015;145:115-9. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.020
Pimple P, Shah A, Rooks C, et al.Association between anger and mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia.Am Heart J. 2015;169(1):115-121.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.031
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