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Edward Bradford Titchener, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, is often given credit for introducing the structuralist school of thought. While Wundt is sometimes identified as the founder of structuralism, Titchener theories differed in important ways from Wundt’s. While he was a dominant force in psychology during his lifetime, the school of thought he founded essentially died with him.

Learn more about his life, career, and influence on psychology in this brief biography.

Best Known For

Early Life

Edward Bradford Titchener was born on January 11, 1867, in Chichester, England and attended Malvern College on a scholarship. While his family originally intended for him to enter the clergy, Titchener’s interests were elsewhere.

In 1885, Titchener began studying at Oxford. He initially focused on biology, but he soon shifted to the study ofcomparative psychology. During his time at Oxford, he began to read the writings ofWilhelm Wundtand later translated the first volume of Wundt’s famous textPrinciples of Physiological Psychologyfrom German into English.

Titchener graduated from Oxford in 1890 and began studying with Wundt in Leipzig, Germany. He earned his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Leipzig in 1892.

Career

After earning his Ph.D., Titchener took a position as a professor of psychology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. At Cornell he established the psychologicalschool of thoughtknown as structuralism.

While he is often described as an apostle of Wundt’s, Titchener’s ideas differed from those of his mentor. He utilized Wundt’s method of introspection but with much more stringent guidelines. He was focused on things that existed in the consciousness, so things such as instincts or the unconscious were did not interest to him.

Introspection was a technique that relies on self-observation. Trained observers were presented with different objects or events and then asked to describe the mental processes they experienced. Based on this kind of research, Titchener concluded that there were three essential elements that made up allconsciousexperiences: feelings, sensations, and images.

The Origins of Structuralism

Major Contributions to Psychology

Titchener is credited with introducing Wundt’s scientific ideas to the United States. However, it is important to note that historians recognize how Titchener’s theories differed from those of his mentor, with many critics suggesting Titchener actually misrepresented many of Wundt’s ideas. While the structuralist school of thought did not survive his death, he played a significant role in establishing psychology as an experimental science.

Titchener was an original member of the American Psychological Association. However, he never attended a single meeting.In 1904, he founded his own group known as the Experimentalists. Titchener believed the APA was flawed and too accepting of applied psychology topics.

Titchener’s group was also known for its ban on women, which continued until after his death.Despite Titchener’s refusal to admit women in his group, his first doctoral student was Margaret Floy Washburn. In 1894, she became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

During a time when many women were forbidden from studying at major universities including Harvard and Columbia, Titchener oversaw the doctoral studies of more women than any other male psychologist of that time period.

In addition to his career as a distinguished and much-loved professor, Titchener served as the editor of several prominent journals includingMind,Studies from the Department of Psychology of Cornell University, and theAmerican Journal of Psychology. He also published several critical psychology texts includingOutline of Psychology(1897),A Primer of Psychology(1898), and his four-volumeExperimental Psychology(1901-1905).

Titchener died on August 3, 1927, and with his death, the structuralist school of thought mostly disappeared as well.

Structuralism and Functionalism Schools of Thought

4 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ganczarek J, Hunefeldt T, Belardinelli MO.From “Einfühlung” to empathy: exploring the relationship between aesthetic and interpersonal experience.Cogn Process. 2018;19(2):141-145. doi:10.1007/s10339-018-0861-xSchultz, DP & Schultz, SE.A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.Henley, TB.An Introduction to the History of Psychology(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2019.Rutherford A.Maintaining Masculinity in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Psychology: Edwin Boring, Scientific Eminence, and the “Woman Problem”. Osiris. 2015;30(1):250-71. doi:10.1086/683022Additional ReadingEncyclopaedia of Britannica.Edward B. Titchener. Updated January 7, 2020.Leahey, TH.A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity. New York: Routledge; 2017.Proctor RW, Evans R.E. B. Titchener, women psychologists, and the Experimentalists.The American Journal of Psychology. 2014;127(4):501-506. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0501

4 Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ganczarek J, Hunefeldt T, Belardinelli MO.From “Einfühlung” to empathy: exploring the relationship between aesthetic and interpersonal experience.Cogn Process. 2018;19(2):141-145. doi:10.1007/s10339-018-0861-xSchultz, DP & Schultz, SE.A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.Henley, TB.An Introduction to the History of Psychology(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2019.Rutherford A.Maintaining Masculinity in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Psychology: Edwin Boring, Scientific Eminence, and the “Woman Problem”. Osiris. 2015;30(1):250-71. doi:10.1086/683022Additional ReadingEncyclopaedia of Britannica.Edward B. Titchener. Updated January 7, 2020.Leahey, TH.A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity. New York: Routledge; 2017.Proctor RW, Evans R.E. B. Titchener, women psychologists, and the Experimentalists.The American Journal of Psychology. 2014;127(4):501-506. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0501

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Ganczarek J, Hunefeldt T, Belardinelli MO.From “Einfühlung” to empathy: exploring the relationship between aesthetic and interpersonal experience.Cogn Process. 2018;19(2):141-145. doi:10.1007/s10339-018-0861-xSchultz, DP & Schultz, SE.A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.Henley, TB.An Introduction to the History of Psychology(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2019.Rutherford A.Maintaining Masculinity in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Psychology: Edwin Boring, Scientific Eminence, and the “Woman Problem”. Osiris. 2015;30(1):250-71. doi:10.1086/683022

Ganczarek J, Hunefeldt T, Belardinelli MO.From “Einfühlung” to empathy: exploring the relationship between aesthetic and interpersonal experience.Cogn Process. 2018;19(2):141-145. doi:10.1007/s10339-018-0861-x

Schultz, DP & Schultz, SE.A History of Modern Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.

Henley, TB.An Introduction to the History of Psychology(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2019.

Rutherford A.Maintaining Masculinity in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Psychology: Edwin Boring, Scientific Eminence, and the “Woman Problem”. Osiris. 2015;30(1):250-71. doi:10.1086/683022

Encyclopaedia of Britannica.Edward B. Titchener. Updated January 7, 2020.Leahey, TH.A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity. New York: Routledge; 2017.Proctor RW, Evans R.E. B. Titchener, women psychologists, and the Experimentalists.The American Journal of Psychology. 2014;127(4):501-506. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0501

Encyclopaedia of Britannica.Edward B. Titchener. Updated January 7, 2020.

Leahey, TH.A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity. New York: Routledge; 2017.

Proctor RW, Evans R.E. B. Titchener, women psychologists, and the Experimentalists.The American Journal of Psychology. 2014;127(4):501-506. doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0501

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