Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCognitive EmpathyEmotional EmpathyComparisonCompassionate EmpathyOther Empathy TypesWhy It MattersGeneticsBalancing Emotional and Cognitive EmpathyPractice Tips
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Cognitive Empathy
Emotional Empathy
Comparison
Compassionate Empathy
Other Empathy Types
Why It Matters
Genetics
Balancing Emotional and Cognitive Empathy
Practice Tips
Close
We generally think ofempathyas the capacity to place ourselves in another person’s shoes. However, research has found that it is possible to have several types of empathy, and cognitive empathy and emotional empathy are two primary empathy types.
Cognitive empathy involves knowing how other people think and feel, while emotional empathy involves feeling another person’s emotions.
Although they are quite different, both cognitive empathy and emotional empathy are equally important for helping us form and maintain connections with others. Learn what each type of empathy is and how to find a balance between the two.
Verywell / Kelly Miller
What Is Cognitive Empathy?
Cognitive empathy means that you can understand another person’s perspective. It is also referred to as perspective-taking or putting yourself in someone else’s shoes.
In essence, you can imagine what it might be like to be that person in their situation, giving you a better understanding of their experience.
An example of cognitive empathy is if a friend doesn’t get a job they interviewed for. We can see that they are hurting and disappointed, and we can also understand why they would feel this way after not being offered the job.
What Is Emotional Empathy?
Emotional empathy is when you can feel another person’semotions. If you’re sitting close to a loved one and they start to cry, for example, you might begin to feel sad too. This is emotional empathy. What they are experiencing emotionally has an impact on your emotional state.
When we experience emotional empathy, we are moving from the cognitive perspective into a shared emotional experience.
Social psychologyresearchers describe emotional empathy in three parts:
Research indicates that there is a positive correlation between emotional empathy and a willingness to help others.In other words, it is more likely that someone with emotional empathy will be moved to help a person in need.
Cognitive Empathy vs. Emotional Empathy
The two different kinds of empathy—cognitive empathy and emotional empathy—reveal the ways we are able to relate to a friend or family member in crisis. But there are distinct differences between these two types of empathy.
Cognitive EmpathyTaking another person’s perspectiveImagining what it’s like in another person’s shoesUnderstanding someone’s feelingsEmotional EmpathySharing an emotional experienceFeeling distress in response to someone’s painExperiencing a willingness to help someone
Cognitive EmpathyTaking another person’s perspectiveImagining what it’s like in another person’s shoesUnderstanding someone’s feelings
Taking another person’s perspective
Imagining what it’s like in another person’s shoes
Understanding someone’s feelings
Emotional EmpathySharing an emotional experienceFeeling distress in response to someone’s painExperiencing a willingness to help someone
Sharing an emotional experience
Feeling distress in response to someone’s pain
Experiencing a willingness to help someone
The ability to have a shared emotional experience with another person is missing when there is too much cognitive empathy and not enough emotional empathy. The following is a simple example of what this might look like.
Imagine if someone were to say, “My grandmother just died and we were really close,” and then they start to cry. Here is how a person might respond using the two different types of empathy:
Within this very simplistic illustration, we can get a sense of what it might feel like for the other person if we stop at cognitive empathy and don’t bring emotional empathy into the interaction.
The person receives the condolences for their grandmother passing away and knows you are trying to provide comfort, but there is no opportunity for a sharedemotional experience. A shared emotional experience can feel quite comforting and healing to someone in need.
What Is Compassionate Empathy?
Compassionate empathy refers to having sympathy orcompassionfor another person and their circumstances. Some consider this one of the main types of empathy that a person can experience, along with cognitive and emotional empathy.
3 Types of EmpathyWhile some research lists cognitive empathy and emotional empathy as two main empathy types, others suggest that there are three types of empathy, of which compassionate empathy is one.
3 Types of Empathy
While some research lists cognitive empathy and emotional empathy as two main empathy types, others suggest that there are three types of empathy, of which compassionate empathy is one.
When you have compassionate empathy, you not only understand a person’s situation but also seek to improve it so they have a better life. You have an interest in their well-being and will take action so they receive what is morally and ethically fair.
Of the three types of empathy, compassionate empathy is typically the most desirable. The reason is that you’re able to understand what the other person is going through, but you’re not so emotional that you can’t step in to help.
Compassionate empathy includes having cognitive empathy—being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes—although it is a bit more detached than emotional empathy. It often contributes toprosocial behaviors, such as volunteering to help a charitable organization.
Other Types of Empathy
In addition to cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and compassionate empathy, a person may also experience:
Why Empathy Matters
Empathy helps connect people, moving them toward each other in a helping and/or healing capacity. As acclaimed author and leadership expert Stephen Covey stated, “When you show deep empathy toward others, their defense energy goes down andpositive energyreplaces it. That’s when you can get more creative in solving problems.”
As we live our lives at work and at home, we are continually interacting and balancing relationship dynamics. When we lack empathy, we are unable to develop and nurture those interpersonal connections. This leads tostrained relationships,broken trust,loss of relationships, and isolation.
It becomes more difficult to repair conflicts, work collaboratively, orsolve problemswhen we don’t practice empathy.
Our society relies on empathy to facilitate connections and forward movement. When the empathy piece is missing, we become more disconnected and less effective in our productivity and innovation of new ideas.
Practicing empathyis important in a variety of relationship dynamics, such as those among:
There can also be consequences if our ability to practice empathy is deficient or dysfunctional. For instance, research has connected deficient emotional empathy and dysfunctional cognitive empathy withnarcissistic personality disorder.People with psychopathic personalities also often lack empathy.
Research suggests that narcissists possess the cognitive ability to use cognitive empathy. However, they may use it as a tool to get what they want from others without experiencing emotional empathy.
Is Empathy Genetic?
In a research study conducted with the genetic testing and analysis company 23andMe, there was a specific genetic variant identified as related to our capacity to empathize, near the gene LRRN1 on chromosome 3, “which is a highly active part of the brain called the striatum.”
It is suggested that activity in this part of the brain is connected with our ability to feel empathy. Although there is more research to be done, these findings are helping scientists learn more about genetic influences on the development and ability to feel empathy.
Nature vs. Nurture
You may have heard the phrase “nature versus nurture.” This phrase references a long-standing debate among researchers, arguing what they believe to have a greater influence on our behaviors, traits, and conditions.
Even though genetics have been found to influence our capacity for feeling empathy, there is much to say about our social learning experiences as well. Some researchers suggest that genetics are the primary influence, while others believe that our environment and social interactions can help us develop things like empathy.
Social Learning
When a child has not had anyone give their emotional experiences any attention, time, or value, the child might continue to experience the world and relationships without this important skill. Things the child would have missed out on include:
Empathy helps close an emotional gap between people, creating a connection and a shared experience. When we don’t know what a shared emotional experience feels like with someone, it can be difficult to know how to do this with others.
The inability to empathize can lead to trouble at work, in relationships, within families, and within society.
Cognitive and emotional empathy are wonderful partners and can be a fantastic pair when practiced with balance. The ability to take someone’s perspective and understand what it might be like to be them, or the ability to meet someone where they are emotionally and have a shared emotional experience can be a game-changer for almost any relationship dynamic.
When people feel seen, heard, and understood using cognitive empathy and emotional empathy together, we can do great things. This empathetic balance helps allow for:
If your empathy is out of balance, due to either having too much or not enough, it can affect you in several different ways.
Too Much Empathy
As beneficial and valuable as empathy is, it is suggested that we can have too much, which is often referred to asbeing an empath. Research indicates that tipping the scale this way may be detrimental to your emotional well-being, health, and relationships.
During emotional empathy, our bodies respond to the other person and their emotional experience. If our emotional arousal becomes too great, it can get in the way of us being compassionate and empathizing.
Our ability to practice emotional empathy also becomes a threat to our well-being if it results in feelings of isolation, being misunderstood, and feeling inauthentic.Conversely, when there is a balanced practice of emotional empathy, we can share an emotional experience with another person without letting our own emotional responses get in the way.
Feelingemotionally dysregulatedcan become overwhelming and result in feeling burned out. Ultimately, this leaves you not wanting to practice empathy because it’s too painful to be there for someone else.
Not Enough Empathy
Some people are better at practicing cognitive empathy. If you have only cognitive empathy, you may have a difficult time tapping into emotional empathy since these two types of empathy work from completely different processing systems.
When we lean too heavily on cognitive empathy and not enough on emotional empathy, our connections with people could feel strained. Although the other person may sense that you have an understanding of their situation, they might also feel a bit misunderstood, unseen, or unheard.
Practicing Emotional and Cognitive Empathy
Practicing both cognitive empathy and emotional empathy can be challenging. But both can be learned with intentional and consistent practice. The unique challenge with emotional empathy is that, when we practice it, we need tobe vulnerableand in touch with our emotional responses.
Potential Barriers to EmpathyHow you were raisedHow people treated you when you hademotional needsWhat people taught you about emotionMessages you received about the value of emotionsFear of becoming overwhelmedFear of getting stuck in emotions with another person
Potential Barriers to Empathy
How you were raisedHow people treated you when you hademotional needsWhat people taught you about emotionMessages you received about the value of emotionsFear of becoming overwhelmedFear of getting stuck in emotions with another person
The ability to regulate our emotional distress is key but also something that can be difficult for people to do.Still, practicing a balance of cognitive empathy and emotional empathy can certainly help. Here are a few tips to assist with this.
Put Aside Your Viewpoints
Use Your Imagination
As people share with you, try to imagine what it is like to be them. Use the images they are sharing, their emotions, or their circumstances, and try to place yourself in their position to see what it might feel like to be them at this moment in time.
Listen Intently
Many times, whenlistening to people, we’re developing our response to what they are saying. Not only are we unable to hear them when we do this, but we often miss key pieces of information that can help us better understand what they are trying to convey. To correct this, turn down the volume on your own voice and turn up the volume on theirs.
Be Curious
To find a balance between cognitive empathy and emotional empathy, it can be helpful to come from a place of curiosity. Asking the person questions about their experiences lets them know that you areactively listeningand that you want to understand. This helps them feel seen and heard.
Try Not to Fix
When we are around someone who is experiencing challenging emotions, it can be easy for us to want to jump in and fix the situation. We don’t like to see people hurting, so we want to make them laugh, cheer them up, and help them look on the bright side. Even though we are trying to be helpful, this can leave people feeling unseen and unheard.
Offer space for people to share while remembering that you are not responsible for “fixing” them.
A Word From Verywell
Even if you never learned how to empathize with others, or never had anyone empathize with you, there are many things we can do to practice empathy in our homes, workplaces, and communities. Empathy skills can be learned with a little practice, enabling you to be there for others during their challenging times.
How to Be More Empathetic
18 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Healey ML, Grossman M.Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates.Front Neurol. 2018;9:491. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00491Ratka A.Empathy and the development of affective skills.Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi:10.5688/ajpe7192Hodges SD, Myers MW.Empathy.Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2007. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n179Maxwell B.Pursuing the aim of compassionate empathy in higher education. In: Gibbs P (eds)The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education. 2017:33-48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57783-8_3Powell PA, Roberts J.Situational determinants of cognitive, affective, and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions.Computers Human Behav. 2017;68:137-148. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.024Kerr-Gaffney J, Harrison A, Tchanturia K.Cognitive and affective empathy in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:102. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00102Covey S.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.Main A, Walle EA, Kho C, Halpern J.The interpersonal functions of empathy: A relational perspective.Emot Rev. 2017;9(4):1-9. doi:10.1177/1754073916669440Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061van Dongen J.The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy.Front Psychol. 2020;11:695. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: from clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, et al.Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: Correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):35. doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-623andMe.The genetics of empathy.Demetriou H.Nature versus nurture: The biology and psychology of empathy. In:Empathy, Emotion and Education. 2018:129-157. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54844-3_5Whitham S, Sterling L, Lin CE, Wood JJ.Social cognitive learning theory. In: Volkmar FR, ed,Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2013. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3Szanto T, Krueger J.Introduction: Empathy, shared emotions, and social identity.Topoi.2019;38:153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-wTone EB, Tully EC.Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders.Dev Psychopathol. 2014;26(4 Pt 2):1547-1565. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001199Tamir M, Mauss IB.Social cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for well-being. In: Nykliček I, Vingerhoets A, Zeelenberg M, eds.,Emotion regulation and well-being. 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_3Additional ReadingKrznaric R.Empathy: Why it Matters, and How to Get It.Lesley University.The psychology of emotional and cognitive empathy.
18 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Healey ML, Grossman M.Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates.Front Neurol. 2018;9:491. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00491Ratka A.Empathy and the development of affective skills.Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi:10.5688/ajpe7192Hodges SD, Myers MW.Empathy.Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2007. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n179Maxwell B.Pursuing the aim of compassionate empathy in higher education. In: Gibbs P (eds)The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education. 2017:33-48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57783-8_3Powell PA, Roberts J.Situational determinants of cognitive, affective, and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions.Computers Human Behav. 2017;68:137-148. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.024Kerr-Gaffney J, Harrison A, Tchanturia K.Cognitive and affective empathy in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:102. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00102Covey S.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.Main A, Walle EA, Kho C, Halpern J.The interpersonal functions of empathy: A relational perspective.Emot Rev. 2017;9(4):1-9. doi:10.1177/1754073916669440Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061van Dongen J.The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy.Front Psychol. 2020;11:695. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: from clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, et al.Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: Correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):35. doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-623andMe.The genetics of empathy.Demetriou H.Nature versus nurture: The biology and psychology of empathy. In:Empathy, Emotion and Education. 2018:129-157. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54844-3_5Whitham S, Sterling L, Lin CE, Wood JJ.Social cognitive learning theory. In: Volkmar FR, ed,Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2013. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3Szanto T, Krueger J.Introduction: Empathy, shared emotions, and social identity.Topoi.2019;38:153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-wTone EB, Tully EC.Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders.Dev Psychopathol. 2014;26(4 Pt 2):1547-1565. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001199Tamir M, Mauss IB.Social cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for well-being. In: Nykliček I, Vingerhoets A, Zeelenberg M, eds.,Emotion regulation and well-being. 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_3Additional ReadingKrznaric R.Empathy: Why it Matters, and How to Get It.Lesley University.The psychology of emotional and cognitive empathy.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Healey ML, Grossman M.Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates.Front Neurol. 2018;9:491. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00491Ratka A.Empathy and the development of affective skills.Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi:10.5688/ajpe7192Hodges SD, Myers MW.Empathy.Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2007. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n179Maxwell B.Pursuing the aim of compassionate empathy in higher education. In: Gibbs P (eds)The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education. 2017:33-48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57783-8_3Powell PA, Roberts J.Situational determinants of cognitive, affective, and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions.Computers Human Behav. 2017;68:137-148. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.024Kerr-Gaffney J, Harrison A, Tchanturia K.Cognitive and affective empathy in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:102. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00102Covey S.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.Main A, Walle EA, Kho C, Halpern J.The interpersonal functions of empathy: A relational perspective.Emot Rev. 2017;9(4):1-9. doi:10.1177/1754073916669440Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061van Dongen J.The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy.Front Psychol. 2020;11:695. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: from clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, et al.Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: Correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):35. doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-623andMe.The genetics of empathy.Demetriou H.Nature versus nurture: The biology and psychology of empathy. In:Empathy, Emotion and Education. 2018:129-157. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54844-3_5Whitham S, Sterling L, Lin CE, Wood JJ.Social cognitive learning theory. In: Volkmar FR, ed,Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2013. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3Szanto T, Krueger J.Introduction: Empathy, shared emotions, and social identity.Topoi.2019;38:153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-wTone EB, Tully EC.Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders.Dev Psychopathol. 2014;26(4 Pt 2):1547-1565. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001199Tamir M, Mauss IB.Social cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for well-being. In: Nykliček I, Vingerhoets A, Zeelenberg M, eds.,Emotion regulation and well-being. 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_3
Healey ML, Grossman M.Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates.Front Neurol. 2018;9:491. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00491
Ratka A.Empathy and the development of affective skills.Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi:10.5688/ajpe7192
Hodges SD, Myers MW.Empathy.Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. 2007. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n179
Maxwell B.Pursuing the aim of compassionate empathy in higher education. In: Gibbs P (eds)The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education. 2017:33-48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57783-8_3
Powell PA, Roberts J.Situational determinants of cognitive, affective, and compassionate empathy in naturalistic digital interactions.Computers Human Behav. 2017;68:137-148. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.024
Kerr-Gaffney J, Harrison A, Tchanturia K.Cognitive and affective empathy in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:102. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00102
Covey S.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.
Main A, Walle EA, Kho C, Halpern J.The interpersonal functions of empathy: A relational perspective.Emot Rev. 2017;9(4):1-9. doi:10.1177/1754073916669440
Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061
van Dongen J.The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy.Front Psychol. 2020;11:695. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695
Baskin-Sommers A, Krusemark E, Ronningstam E.Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: from clinical and empirical perspectives.Personal Disord. 2014;5(3):323-333. doi:10.1037/per0000061
Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, et al.Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: Correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):35. doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6
23andMe.The genetics of empathy.
Demetriou H.Nature versus nurture: The biology and psychology of empathy. In:Empathy, Emotion and Education. 2018:129-157. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54844-3_5
Whitham S, Sterling L, Lin CE, Wood JJ.Social cognitive learning theory. In: Volkmar FR, ed,Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2013. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3
Szanto T, Krueger J.Introduction: Empathy, shared emotions, and social identity.Topoi.2019;38:153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-w
Tone EB, Tully EC.Empathy as a “risky strength”: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders.Dev Psychopathol. 2014;26(4 Pt 2):1547-1565. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001199
Tamir M, Mauss IB.Social cognitive factors in emotion regulation: Implications for well-being. In: Nykliček I, Vingerhoets A, Zeelenberg M, eds.,Emotion regulation and well-being. 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_3
Krznaric R.Empathy: Why it Matters, and How to Get It.Lesley University.The psychology of emotional and cognitive empathy.
Krznaric R.Empathy: Why it Matters, and How to Get It.
Lesley University.The psychology of emotional and cognitive empathy.
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