Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsEarly LifeCareerContributions to PsychologySelected Publications
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Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He was known for developing the concept that freedom was fundamental to human nature and for challenging the theories of Sigmund Freud. Throughout his life, Fromm maintained a busy career that included numerous teaching positions in addition to publishing a number of books and running his own clinical practice.
Fromm was an only child born to Orthodox Jewish parents in Frankfurt on March 23, 1900. He would later describe his family as “highly neurotic.”
He studied sociology at the University of Heidelberg, earning his doctorate in 1922 under the supervision of Alfred Weber. In 1924, he began studyingpsychoanalysisat the University of Frankfurt before moving to the Berlin Institute of Psychoanalysis.
In 1926, he married Freida Reichmann, a woman 10 years his senior who had once been Fromm’s own psychoanalyst. The marriage dissolved after four years.
Fromm helped found the Frankfurt Psychoanalytic Institute, where he lectured from 1929 to 1932. After the Nazis rose to power, the Institute was moved to Geneva, Switzerland and later to Columbia University in New York.
After moving to the United States, Fromm taught at a number of schools including the New School for Social Research, Columbia, and Yale.
Fromm’s criticisms of Sigmund Freud’s theories began to put him at odds with other psychoanalysts, and in 1944 the New York Psychoanalytic Institute suspended him from supervising students.
Fromm remarried in 1944, became a U.S. citizen, and moved to Mexico in hopes of alleviating his second wife’s illness. He began teaching at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1949 and continued to work there until he retired in 1965. After his wife’s death in 1952, Fromm founded the Mexican Institute of Psychoanalysis and served as its director until 1976.
He remarried again in 1953 and continued to teach in Mexico. He also taught at other schools, including Michigan State University and New York University. Fromm moved from Mexico City to Muralto, Switzerland in 1974, where he lived until his death in 1980.
Sigmund Freud’s Theories in Psychology
Today, Erich Fromm is widely regarded as one of the most important psychoanalysts of the 20th century. While Freud had an early influence on him, Fromm later became part of a group known as the neo-Freudians which includedKaren HorneyandCarl Jung.
Fromm was critical of many of Freud’s ideas, including theOedipus complex, thelife and death instincts, and thelibidotheory. He also separated from Freud with his belief that society and culture played a significant role in individual human development.
Man’s main task in life is to give birth to himself, to become what he potentially is. The most important product of his effort is his own personality.—ERICH FROMM, “MAN FOR HIMSELF”, 1947.
Man’s main task in life is to give birth to himself, to become what he potentially is. The most important product of his effort is his own personality.
—ERICH FROMM, “MAN FOR HIMSELF”, 1947.
Fromm also had a major influence onhumanistic psychology. He believed life was a contradiction since humans are both a part of nature and separate from it. From this conflict arises basic existential needs, including relatedness, creativity, rootedness, identity, and a frame oforientation, according to Fromm.
Of his own work, Fromm would later explain, “I wanted to understand the laws that govern the life of the individual man, and the laws of society — that is, of men in their social existence. I tried to see the lasting truth in Freud’s concepts as against those assumptions which were in need of revision. I tried to do the same with Marx’s theory, and finally, I tried to arrive at a synthesis which followed from the understanding and the criticism of both thinkers.” —Beyond the Chains of Illusion, 1962.
Who Were the Neo-Freudians?
Sources
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Fromm, E. (1947)Man for Himself. An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics.New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston; 1947.
Fromm, E.Beyond the Chains of Illusion: My Encounter with Marx and Freud. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1962.
Funk, R.Important dates in Erich Fromm’s life. The International Erich Fromm Society. Updated 2011.
Smith, M. K.Erich Fromm: Alienation, being and education. INFED. Updated May 29, 2012.
The International Erich Fromm Society.Original writings since 1970.
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