Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsMedicine for AnxietySupplementsTherapyLifestyle Strategies
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Table of Contents
Medicine for Anxiety
Supplements
Therapy
Lifestyle Strategies
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If you have anxiety, medication can help because the medicines used for anxiety alter the chemicals in your body and brain, reducing symptoms, and often helping you calm down and focus on other things. Other approaches to symptom relief, such as counseling and developing relaxation techniques, can also reduce your anxiety.
Often, a combination of approaches is needed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety.
This article discusses some of the different types of medicine for anxiety and how they can help. It also covers other treatment options that can help, including talk therapy and lifestyle modifications.
Anti-anxiety medications are not cures for anxiety disorders, but they can help manage some of the symptoms.
There are a number of different anti-anxiety medications available, and the right medication for you depends on your type of anxiety disorder and whether you have other health problems or take other medications.
On-Label vs. Off-Label Medicine for AnxietyMedications may be prescribed on-label (meaning they are FDA approved to treat a specific condition) or off-label (meaning they have not been FDA-approved for a particular condition). FDA-approved medications to treat anxiety include SSRIs, SNRIs, buspirone, benzodiazepines, and hydroxyzine. Your doctor may prescribe another medication off-label if they think it is the best option to treat your condition.
On-Label vs. Off-Label Medicine for Anxiety
Medications may be prescribed on-label (meaning they are FDA approved to treat a specific condition) or off-label (meaning they have not been FDA-approved for a particular condition). FDA-approved medications to treat anxiety include SSRIs, SNRIs, buspirone, benzodiazepines, and hydroxyzine. Your doctor may prescribe another medication off-label if they think it is the best option to treat your condition.
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Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines such asValium(diazepam),Xanax(alprazolam),Klonopin(clonazepam) and Ativan (lorazepam) are sometimes used to treat anxiety for a short-term period.
They are used for generalized anxiety disorder and may be used as a second-line treatment for panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, with antidepressants being the front-line choices.
Benzodiazepines induce muscle relaxation and reduce other symptoms related to anxiety. These medications are not typically used long-term because they can be habit-forming and may lead to dependence or addiction.
Benzodiazepines Uses, Indications, and Side Effects
Beta-Blockers
They may be prescribed off-label for the short term when used for anxiety. Sectral (acebutolol), Tenormin (atenolol), Inderal LA (propranolol), are a few beta-blockers. Common side effects include weight gain, fatigue, and cold hands and feet.
Beta-blockers are not recommended if you have asthma or diabetes.
Beta Blockers Are the Buzziest New Anti-Anxiety Medicine—Here’s What to Know
Buspirone
BuSpar(buspirone) may be prescribed for long-term treatment of chronic anxiety, and it’s recognized as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. It increases the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.
Buspar takes one to two weeks for initial effects to be felt and can take four to six weeks for the full effect. Because of this, it is not considered effective for the treatment of anxiety attacks, and it must be taken consistently in order to have an effect on symptoms.
It is less sedating than many of the other commonly used anti-anxiety medications, and it is non-addictive and has a low risk of overdose. Possible side effects include dizziness, headache, nervousness, and trouble sleeping.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Often used as a first-line treatment for anxiety disorders,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) include medications like Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline) and Lexapro (escitalopram). SSRIs are considered antidepressants and they increase the amount of serotonin in the brain, which helps improve mood.
Side effects include headaches, dry mouth, drowsiness, sexual dysfunction, diminished sex drive, and weight gain. As with many antidepressants, they can increase the risk of suicidal ideation (thinking about or planning suicide), particularly in children,teenagers, and young adults.
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact theNational Suicide Prevention Lifelineat988for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.
For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Another common category of medications used for anxiety are theserotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(SNRIs), which are antidepressants, and include medications like Effexor (venlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine), and Pristiq (desvenlafaxine). SNRIs increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine to help boost mood and are similar in effectiveness to SSRIs. Side effects are similar to those of SSRIs.
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressantsare also used in treating anxiety. Common medications in this class are Tofranil (imipramine), Elavil (amitriptyline), Pamelor (nortriptyline) and Anafranil (clomipramine). Side effects may include constipation, dry mouth, blurry vision, a decrease in blood pressure when standing, and urinary retention (decreased ability to urinate).
Use As DirectedAll of the anti-anxiety medications have side effects, and they can have serious adverse events if they are overused or used incorrectly. Many of them can affect your heart rate, blood pressure, and level of alertness. They may cause loss of consciousness or even death when used in excessive amounts, in combination with other medications that interact with the central nervous system, or with alcohol or recreational drugs. Many of the antidepressants that are used for anxiety can also induce suicidal ideation.
Use As Directed
All of the anti-anxiety medications have side effects, and they can have serious adverse events if they are overused or used incorrectly. Many of them can affect your heart rate, blood pressure, and level of alertness. They may cause loss of consciousness or even death when used in excessive amounts, in combination with other medications that interact with the central nervous system, or with alcohol or recreational drugs. Many of the antidepressants that are used for anxiety can also induce suicidal ideation.
Supplements for Anxiety
There are no over-the-counter treatments (OTC) for anxiety; however, some people find that OTC options help ease their anxiety symptoms.
It’s important to note that the long-term effects of many herbal remedies are not well known and that the following supplements may interact with other medications and produce undesirable effects. Be sure to talk to a doctor before starting a new supplement.
Ashwagandha
The extract of ashwagandha is used in pills and usually advertised as helping to reduce anxiety and stress. While some research found ashwagandha reduced depression, stress, and anxiety in a small group of adults, more studies are needed to understand its effects on anxiety in the long term.
L-Theanine
L-theanine is an amino acid that is sold in supplement form. One study found that 200 milligrams per day of L-theanine in healthy adults reduced stress and anxiety and improved sleep quality.
However, more research is needed to understand what dosage is most effective as well as L-theanine’s effects on people with chronic anxiety symptoms.
Valerian Root
Valerian root is an herb that is often used in teas or tinctures to reduce anxiety and/or improve sleep quality. However, high doses of valerian root may actually make anxiety symptoms worse.Potential side effects include headaches, nausea, and heart palpitations.
Magnesium
In people who experience anxiety as a result of magnesium deficiency, adding a magnesium supplement may help reduce symptoms.
While some studies suggest that certain supplements may improve anxiety, more research is needed. Do not use supplements as a substitute for seeking treatment for anxiety symptoms.
Therapy for Anxiety
Medications can help relieve symptoms of anxiety, but they are often most effective when used along with psychotherapy. A mental health professional can help you treat your symptoms.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)is considered a first-line treatment for anxiety. Research has found that CBT can be effective for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), phobias, panic disorder, and other types of anxiety.
In CBT, a trained professional helps you identify the specific coping strategy and lifestyle changes that can help you manage your symptoms.
Mindful MomentNeed a breather? Take this free2-minute meditation for instant calm—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
Mindful Moment
Need a breather? Take this free2-minute meditation for instant calm—or choose from ourguided meditation libraryto find another one that will help you feel your best.
Other types of therapy that can treat anxiety effectively include:
Although it can be difficult, be sure to be honest about the symptoms and challenges you face. Together, you and your mental health professional can work toward developing customized coping strategies.
Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
When taking anti-anxiety medications, it also helps to modify your lifestyle in ways that will reduce your anxiety. Here are some ways to address the anxiety in your life.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion GuideGet our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctor’s appointment.Download PDFSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
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Day-to-Day Examples
In addition, some examples of strategies a professional may encourage you to try may include:
Press Play for Advice On Easing AnxietyThis episode ofThe Verywell Mind Podcastshares how to recognize and ease anxiety, featuring neuroscientist Dr. Jud Brewer.
Press Play for Advice On Easing Anxiety
This episode ofThe Verywell Mind Podcastshares how to recognize and ease anxiety, featuring neuroscientist Dr. Jud Brewer.
Finding Online Support to Help Cope With Anxiety
18 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Taipale H, Särkilä H, Tanskanen A, et al.Incidence of and characteristics associated with long-term benzodiazepine use in Finland.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(10):e2019029. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19029Alsini A, Alkhodaidi I, Alsini Y, et al.A national survey of self-prescription of beta-blockers and their relation to undiscovered anxiety among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:797-807. doi:10.2147/NDT.S289833Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al.Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.Front Psychiatry.2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584Food and Drug Administration.BuSpar (buspirone HCl, USP).Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW.The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):49-58. doi:10.1177/2045125317737264Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Jørgensen C.K, Juul S, Siddiqui F, et al.Tricyclic antidepressants versus ‘active placebo’, placebo or no intervention for adults with major depressive disorder: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Syst Rev2021;10:227. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01789-0Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract.Medicine.2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017186Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, et al.Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. doi:10.3390/nu11102362Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Cribb L, et al.L-theanine in the adjunctive treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;110:31-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.014National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Valerian root.Boyle N, Lawton C, Dye L.The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress. A systematic review.Nutrients.2017;9(5):429. doi:10.3390/nu9050429Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):337-346. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/akaczkurkinBreedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, et al.The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:193. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193Aso Y, Yamaoka K, Nemoto A, Naganuma Y, Saito M.Effectiveness of a ‘Workshop on Decluttering and Organising’ programme for teens and middle-aged adults with difficulty decluttering: a study protocol of an open-label, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial in Japan.BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014687. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014687Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Rathakrishnan B, Singh SSB, Yahaya A, Kamaluddin MR, Aziz SFA.The relationship among spirituality, fear, and mental health on COVID-19 among adults: An exploratory research.Front Psychol. 2022;12:815332. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815332Takeda F, Noguchi H, Monma T, Tamiya N.How possibly do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: An evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey.PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139777Additional ReadingCinculova A, Prasko J, Kamaradova D, et al.Adherence, self-stigma and discontinuation of pharmacotherapy in patients with anxietydisorders - cross-sectional study.Neuro Endocrinol Lett.2017 Dec;38(6):429-426.Gomez AF, Barthel AL, Hofmann SG.Comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and serotonergic anti-depressants for adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic review.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2018 Jun;19(8):883-894. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1472767. Epub 2018 May 28.
18 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Taipale H, Särkilä H, Tanskanen A, et al.Incidence of and characteristics associated with long-term benzodiazepine use in Finland.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(10):e2019029. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19029Alsini A, Alkhodaidi I, Alsini Y, et al.A national survey of self-prescription of beta-blockers and their relation to undiscovered anxiety among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:797-807. doi:10.2147/NDT.S289833Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al.Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.Front Psychiatry.2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584Food and Drug Administration.BuSpar (buspirone HCl, USP).Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW.The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):49-58. doi:10.1177/2045125317737264Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Jørgensen C.K, Juul S, Siddiqui F, et al.Tricyclic antidepressants versus ‘active placebo’, placebo or no intervention for adults with major depressive disorder: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Syst Rev2021;10:227. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01789-0Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract.Medicine.2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017186Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, et al.Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. doi:10.3390/nu11102362Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Cribb L, et al.L-theanine in the adjunctive treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;110:31-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.014National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Valerian root.Boyle N, Lawton C, Dye L.The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress. A systematic review.Nutrients.2017;9(5):429. doi:10.3390/nu9050429Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):337-346. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/akaczkurkinBreedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, et al.The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:193. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193Aso Y, Yamaoka K, Nemoto A, Naganuma Y, Saito M.Effectiveness of a ‘Workshop on Decluttering and Organising’ programme for teens and middle-aged adults with difficulty decluttering: a study protocol of an open-label, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial in Japan.BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014687. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014687Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Rathakrishnan B, Singh SSB, Yahaya A, Kamaluddin MR, Aziz SFA.The relationship among spirituality, fear, and mental health on COVID-19 among adults: An exploratory research.Front Psychol. 2022;12:815332. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815332Takeda F, Noguchi H, Monma T, Tamiya N.How possibly do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: An evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey.PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139777Additional ReadingCinculova A, Prasko J, Kamaradova D, et al.Adherence, self-stigma and discontinuation of pharmacotherapy in patients with anxietydisorders - cross-sectional study.Neuro Endocrinol Lett.2017 Dec;38(6):429-426.Gomez AF, Barthel AL, Hofmann SG.Comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and serotonergic anti-depressants for adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic review.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2018 Jun;19(8):883-894. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1472767. Epub 2018 May 28.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Taipale H, Särkilä H, Tanskanen A, et al.Incidence of and characteristics associated with long-term benzodiazepine use in Finland.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(10):e2019029. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19029Alsini A, Alkhodaidi I, Alsini Y, et al.A national survey of self-prescription of beta-blockers and their relation to undiscovered anxiety among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:797-807. doi:10.2147/NDT.S289833Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al.Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.Front Psychiatry.2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584Food and Drug Administration.BuSpar (buspirone HCl, USP).Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW.The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):49-58. doi:10.1177/2045125317737264Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Jørgensen C.K, Juul S, Siddiqui F, et al.Tricyclic antidepressants versus ‘active placebo’, placebo or no intervention for adults with major depressive disorder: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Syst Rev2021;10:227. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01789-0Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract.Medicine.2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017186Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, et al.Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. doi:10.3390/nu11102362Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Cribb L, et al.L-theanine in the adjunctive treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;110:31-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.014National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Valerian root.Boyle N, Lawton C, Dye L.The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress. A systematic review.Nutrients.2017;9(5):429. doi:10.3390/nu9050429Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):337-346. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/akaczkurkinBreedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, et al.The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:193. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193Aso Y, Yamaoka K, Nemoto A, Naganuma Y, Saito M.Effectiveness of a ‘Workshop on Decluttering and Organising’ programme for teens and middle-aged adults with difficulty decluttering: a study protocol of an open-label, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial in Japan.BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014687. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014687Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5Rathakrishnan B, Singh SSB, Yahaya A, Kamaluddin MR, Aziz SFA.The relationship among spirituality, fear, and mental health on COVID-19 among adults: An exploratory research.Front Psychol. 2022;12:815332. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815332Takeda F, Noguchi H, Monma T, Tamiya N.How possibly do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: An evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey.PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139777
Taipale H, Särkilä H, Tanskanen A, et al.Incidence of and characteristics associated with long-term benzodiazepine use in Finland.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(10):e2019029. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19029
Alsini A, Alkhodaidi I, Alsini Y, et al.A national survey of self-prescription of beta-blockers and their relation to undiscovered anxiety among medical and pharmacological students in Saudi Arabia.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:797-807. doi:10.2147/NDT.S289833
Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, et al.Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.Front Psychiatry.2020;11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584
Food and Drug Administration.BuSpar (buspirone HCl, USP).
Clevenger SS, Malhotra D, Dang J, Vanle B, IsHak WW.The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):49-58. doi:10.1177/2045125317737264
Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966
Jørgensen C.K, Juul S, Siddiqui F, et al.Tricyclic antidepressants versus ‘active placebo’, placebo or no intervention for adults with major depressive disorder: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.Syst Rev2021;10:227. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01789-0
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Malvi H, Kodgule R.An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract.Medicine.2019;98(37):e17186. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017186
Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, et al.Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. doi:10.3390/nu11102362
Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Cribb L, et al.L-theanine in the adjunctive treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;110:31-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.014
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Valerian root.
Boyle N, Lawton C, Dye L.The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress. A systematic review.Nutrients.2017;9(5):429. doi:10.3390/nu9050429
Kaczkurkin AN, Foa EB.Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: an update on the empirical evidence.Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):337-346. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/akaczkurkin
Breedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, et al.The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis.Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:193. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193
Aso Y, Yamaoka K, Nemoto A, Naganuma Y, Saito M.Effectiveness of a ‘Workshop on Decluttering and Organising’ programme for teens and middle-aged adults with difficulty decluttering: a study protocol of an open-label, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial in Japan.BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014687. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014687
Aylett E, Small N, Bower P.Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):559. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5
Rathakrishnan B, Singh SSB, Yahaya A, Kamaluddin MR, Aziz SFA.The relationship among spirituality, fear, and mental health on COVID-19 among adults: An exploratory research.Front Psychol. 2022;12:815332. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.815332
Takeda F, Noguchi H, Monma T, Tamiya N.How possibly do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: An evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey.PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139777
Cinculova A, Prasko J, Kamaradova D, et al.Adherence, self-stigma and discontinuation of pharmacotherapy in patients with anxietydisorders - cross-sectional study.Neuro Endocrinol Lett.2017 Dec;38(6):429-426.Gomez AF, Barthel AL, Hofmann SG.Comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and serotonergic anti-depressants for adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic review.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2018 Jun;19(8):883-894. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1472767. Epub 2018 May 28.
Cinculova A, Prasko J, Kamaradova D, et al.Adherence, self-stigma and discontinuation of pharmacotherapy in patients with anxietydisorders - cross-sectional study.Neuro Endocrinol Lett.2017 Dec;38(6):429-426.
Gomez AF, Barthel AL, Hofmann SG.Comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and serotonergic anti-depressants for adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic review.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2018 Jun;19(8):883-894. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1472767. Epub 2018 May 28.
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