Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsCausesADHD ProcrastinationTreatmentCoping
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Table of Contents
Symptoms
Causes
ADHD Procrastination
Treatment
Coping
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Chronic procrastination is the practice of consistently avoiding or putting off completing tasks or responsibilities, even when doing so can possibly result in negative outcomes.
An estimated 20% to 25% of adults experience chronic procrastination.While procrastinating on one or two tasks might seem harmless, chronic procrastination can have negative ripple effects on your life and well-being.
Research has found that procrastination is linked to mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Procrastinators have worse sleep quality, get less physical exercise, experience greater loneliness, and increased financial problems.
While chronic procrastination isn’t a disorder, it can be associated with mental health conditions. Many adults withattention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) struggle with procrastination.
Fortunately, there are ways to address chronic procrastination, such as breaking to-do items down into smaller tasks, setting deadlines, having a friend hold you accountable, and seeking professional help. Read on to learn some practical solutions to help you combat chronic procrastination.
Friday Fix: How to Stop Procrastinating
Symptoms of Chronic Procrastination
Signs of procrastination can include:
While you’re procrastinating and avoiding an important task, you may notice that you become productive in other areas of your life. For instance, you might clean the whole house rather than fill in a tax form (even if you usually hate to clean).
You might avoid completing a task because the thought of it is stressful or anxiety-inducing. However, you may notice that the longer you put it off, the more your stress and anxiety levels increase as a result of leaving it unfinished.
Causes of Chronic Procrastination
There are many reasons you may be procrastinating. People typically associate procrastination with a lack of self-control. It can be easy to give in to temptation or the instant gratification of doing something we enjoy instead of spending time on a task that reaps no immediate reward.
But while self-control can be a contributing factor, chronic or extreme procrastination may be a symptom of one or more of the following:
Distractions
Distractions can also play a role, particularly if you struggle with focus and impulsivity. Information and communication technology, including social media, make it easy to access tempting sources of distraction, which can make procrastination worse.
Fear of Failure
Thefear of failurecan keep you from finishing something—especially if you’re afraid of humiliation or rejection. You might havelow self-esteemthat keeps you from going after what you really want.
Irrational Beliefs
You may have underlying irrational beliefs that prevent you from being productive. For instance, if you believe you don’t deserve success, you might avoid doing anything that could lead to your success.
Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessnessis a state of mind in which a person believes nothing they do matters, so they opt to do nothing at all. It’s often related to a traumatic event and/or depression.
Perfectionism
If you are aperfectionist, you might not think anything you do is good enough. That mindset could be why you’re unconsciously choosing not to do anything at all.
Anxiety
While procrastination often leads to feelings of anxiety, people who have anxiety also often use procrastination as a way of avoiding the source of their worry and fear.Unfortunately, putting things off leads to more worry and can undermine a person’s belief in their ability to complete a task.
While procrastination ultimately creates more stress over time, people often put things off for a simple reason: it helps them feel better in the short term.
Chronic Procrastination in ADHD
Procrastination is not a specific symptom of ADHD, but ADHD-related procrastination is most definitely a real experience.
ADHD procrastination often results fromADHD symptomssuch as distractibility, disorganization, feeling overwhelmed, problems with prioritizing, andanxiety—all of which often make fighting procrastination even more difficult.ADHD procrastination can make it feel like you don’t have control in your life, which can be frustrating.
People may experience what’s often called ADHD paralysis.ADHD paralysisis when someone with ADHD has trouble figuring out how to begin a task. It can easily lead to feelings of overwhelm, and ultimately, procrastination.
The Relationship Between ADHD and Procrastination
Treatment for Chronic Procrastination
Chronic procrastination can take a serious toll on your health and well-being. Studies suggest that it can increase symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression. It is also connected to greater loneliness, lower life satisfaction, cardiovascular disease, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors.If chronic procrastination negatively affects your life, seeking help is crucial.
Psychotherapy
There isn’t a specific medical treatment for chronic procrastination, but psychotherapy can help you understand the root cause of your procrastinating. A therapist or other mental health professional can also teach you coping mechanisms to help combat procrastination.
Psychotherapyis one of the first lines of treatment for ADHD. But whether you have been diagnosed with ADHD or not, a therapist can help you develop bettertime-managementand organizational skills.
Medication
If you have ADHD, a doctor may also recommend a medication that can help improve your focus and concentration. Common medications prescribed for ADHD includeRitalin(methylphenidate),Vyvanse(lisdexamfetamine), andAdderall(amphetamine/dextroamphetamine).
These medications can cause side effects such as loss of appetite, sleep problems, increased heart rate, and irritability.Be sure to talk to a doctor if you experience these or any other side effects as a result of ADHD medication.
Press Play for Advice On Dealing With Procrastination
How to Cope With Chronic Procrastination
In addition to treatment such as psychotherapy, you can use coping mechanisms in your everyday life to help you with chronic procrastination. While it may be challenging to overcome procrastination, that does not mean you are powerless. These 12 strategiescan help you address chronic procrastination.
Discover Why You’re Procrastinating
Whenever you find yourself procrastinating on a task, take a step back and ask, “Why am I procrastinating on this task?” If you know the underlying reason, then you can match it with the right solution. Here are some common reasons for ADHD procrastination (and procrastination in general):
Now that you know the reason, you can use the following suggestions to help you.
Break It Down Into Small Steps
If you have a large or complex task that is causing you to feel stuck or overwhelmed, break it down into smaller, doable parts. A large project can feel like climbing a mountain. However, when you chunk the project down into small steps, the mountain seems to shrink to the size of a small hill, helping you to work more efficiently and productively.
Sometimes, ADHD symptoms can make visualizing a project difficult. It can be hard to understand how all the pieces fit together. Ask a friend or someone you trust to help you think through and organize the steps. Just be careful to avoid the trap of becoming so focused on the details that you don’t make any progress.
Many adults with ADHD become so engrossed in the details of planning they never get to work on the project. Planning becomes a form of procrastination.
Set Deadlines
When you have broken the task down into small parts, create deadlines for completing each part. It is easier to be successful when you have various, small short-termgoals, compared to one large long-term goal. It is less overwhelming and easier to stay motivated.
Every time you complete a short-term goal, reward yourself. Creating these smaller goals also allows you to move away from last-minute panics as a big deadline approaches.
Use Positive Social Pressure
Having an accountability partner often provides the motivation to start a project and keep you in action. Make a commitment to your partner, a friend, or co-worker. Tell them your goals and timeline.
This gentle social pressure can help propel you forward.
Another option is to work on the task with another person. The social connection helps keep the project stimulating and engaging.
Make Boring Tasks Appealing
Aboringor tedious task may not stimulate your brain enough for you to want to take action. If this is the reason for procrastination, ask yourself, “How can I turn this boring task into one that is interesting?” There are many ways to make a task more appealing. Here are a few examples.
Rotate Between Two Tasks
Try rotating between two tasks. This can keep your interest levels high, and allow you to feel focused and motivated on both tasks. You can set a timer and spend equal time on each task. This is another way you can make boring tasks more appealing.
Make a Small Time Commitment
It can be hard to start a task if it seems big, with no end in sight. However, it is much easier to begin if you are only going to be working on it for 10 minutes. Set your timer and work for 10 minutes. Then review how you feel.
Task initiation, or getting started on a task, is something that many chronic procrastinators struggle with. Telling yourself that you’ll work for a short block of time can make getting started feel easier, and once you get started, you may find it easier to keep working.
Sometimes, those first 10 minutes of effort break through your feelings of resistance and you feel keen to continue. If not, set your timer for another 10 minutes and continue to work in small time chunks.
Limit Distractions
Turn off your cell phone, email, Facebook, and anything else distracting you from getting started. Also, be aware of internal distractions that can affect your concentration.
You might say to yourself, “I will do these other little things first and then get to the important task.” However, these other “little things” often contribute to the cycle of procrastination. You feel very busy and are accomplishing a lot, yet you are avoiding the primary task that must get done.
Seek Training When Necessary
Are you avoiding a task because you do not know how to do it? For example, research has shown that while students often put off difficult courses out of anxiety, preparation was useful in reducing such fear and procrastination.
When you know how to do something, the resistance melts away and it is much easier to take action.
Delegate to Someone Else
Sometimes it is empowering to develop a new skill yourself. Other times, it is appropriate to delegate to another person who already has the skills.
For example, you do not have to learn how to fix your car. You can take it to the garage where there are trained mechanics. Do not feel you have to do everything yourself.
Replace Negative Thoughts
Our thoughts and feelings are very powerful. When you talk to yourself in a positive and gentle way and remind yourself of your recent successes, it can be easier to take action. In contrast, when you are stuck in negative mode, it can be hard to break out of the avoidance cycle.
If you find that negative thinking is a major contributor to your avoidance of tasks, you may benefit fromcognitive behavioral therapy(CBT).
CBT is a form of therapy that can help you identify the underlying negative thoughts that play a role in chronic procrastination. Once you can better recognize these patterns, you can then learn how to replace them with more helpful thoughts.
Research suggests that CBT can be an effective tool for reducing procrastination. In one study, participants with severe procrastination received eight weeks of eitherself-guided internet CBT (ICBT)or group CBT. In both cases, treatment reduced procrastination and improved anxiety, depression, and well-being.
We Tried 100+ Therapy Services and Apps—And These Are the 8 Best for Online CBT
Connect With a Doctor
Let a doctor or mental health professional know about your procrastination challenges. They can determine if these challenges might be related to anxiety, depression, ADHD, or other conditions.
Therapy andmedication, when appropriate, can be an essential part of your treatment plan. Though medication will not prevent procrastination, it can help with symptoms that play a part. If you have ADHD, for example, medication can help you focus and make getting started on tasks easier.
Does Chronic Procrastination Go Away?
The good news is that while chronic procrastination can be a serious problem, it often declines with age. Procrastination tends to be at its highest among young people between the ages of 14 and 29.
There are several reasons why procrastination may become less severe as people grow older. Certain personality traits, includingconscientiousness, become more prominent as people age. People with higher in this trait tend to have greater self-control and self-discipline, which means they are less likely to procrastinate.
Life experience can also help people develop increased coping skills, which means they may be less likely to rely on procrastination as a short-term way to deal with stress.
WhileADHD does not just go awayonce people reach adulthood, it can change over time. While procrastination is still a problem for many adults with ADHD, they are also more likely to develop coping skills that help them manage these tendencies.
What Is Procrastination?
19 SourcesVerywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Prem R, Scheel TE, Weigelt O, Hoffmann K, Korunka C.Procrastination in daily working life: A diary study on within-person processes that link work characteristics to workplace procrastination.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1087. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01087Ferrari JR, Díaz-Morales JF.Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students.Individual Differences Research.2014;12(1):8–11.Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Svartdal F, Granmo S, Færevaag FS.On the behavioral side of procrastination: Exploring behavioral delay in real-life settings.Front Psychol. 2018;9:746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00746Zhao J, Meng G, Sun Y, et al.The relationship between self-control and procrastination based on the self-regulation theory perspective: the moderated mediation model.Curr Psychol.2021;50:5076–5086. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00442-3Abbasi IS, Alghamdi NG.The prevalence, predictors, causes, treatment, and implications of procrastination behaviors in general, academic, and work setting.IJPS.2015;7(1). doi:10.5539/ijps.v7n1p59Du J, Kerkhof P, van Koningsbruggen GM.Predictors of social media self-control failure: Immediate gratifications, habitual checking, ubiquity, and notifications.Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22(7):477-485. doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0730Nuvvula S.Learned helplessness.Contemp Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):426-427. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.194124Barel E, Shahrabani S, Mahagna L, Massalha R, Colodner R, Tzischinsky O.State anxiety and procrastination: The moderating role of neuroendocrine factors.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(3):204. doi:10.3390/bs13030204Niermann HC, Scheres A.The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students.Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(4):411-421. doi:10.1002/mpr.1440Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Brown KA, Samuel S, Patel DR.Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners.Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(1):36-47. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.08.02Ramkumar P, Acuna DE, Berniker M, Grafton ST, Turner RS, Kording KP.Chunking as the result of an efficiency computation trade-off.Nat Commun. 2016;7:12176. doi:10.1038/ncomms12176Oussedik E, Foy CG, Masicampo EJ, Kammrath LK, Anderson RE, Feldman SR.Accountability: a missing construct in models of adherence behavior and in clinical practice.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:1285–1294. doi:10.2147/PPA.S135895Attia NA, Baig L, Marzouk YI, Khan A.The potential effect of technology and distractions on undergraduate students' concentration.Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(4):860–865. doi:10.12669/pjms.334.12560Vahedi S, Farrokhi F, Gahramani F, Issazadegan A.The relationship between procrastination, learning strategies and statistics anxiety among Iranian college students: a canonical correlation analysis.Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(1):40–46.Rozental A, Forsström D, Lindner P, et al.Treating procrastination using cognitive behavior therapy: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing treatment delivered via the internet or in groups.Behav Ther. 2018;49(2):180-197. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002Beutel ME, Klein EM, Aufenanger S, et al.Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range - A German representative community study.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148054
19 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Prem R, Scheel TE, Weigelt O, Hoffmann K, Korunka C.Procrastination in daily working life: A diary study on within-person processes that link work characteristics to workplace procrastination.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1087. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01087Ferrari JR, Díaz-Morales JF.Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students.Individual Differences Research.2014;12(1):8–11.Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Svartdal F, Granmo S, Færevaag FS.On the behavioral side of procrastination: Exploring behavioral delay in real-life settings.Front Psychol. 2018;9:746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00746Zhao J, Meng G, Sun Y, et al.The relationship between self-control and procrastination based on the self-regulation theory perspective: the moderated mediation model.Curr Psychol.2021;50:5076–5086. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00442-3Abbasi IS, Alghamdi NG.The prevalence, predictors, causes, treatment, and implications of procrastination behaviors in general, academic, and work setting.IJPS.2015;7(1). doi:10.5539/ijps.v7n1p59Du J, Kerkhof P, van Koningsbruggen GM.Predictors of social media self-control failure: Immediate gratifications, habitual checking, ubiquity, and notifications.Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22(7):477-485. doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0730Nuvvula S.Learned helplessness.Contemp Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):426-427. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.194124Barel E, Shahrabani S, Mahagna L, Massalha R, Colodner R, Tzischinsky O.State anxiety and procrastination: The moderating role of neuroendocrine factors.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(3):204. doi:10.3390/bs13030204Niermann HC, Scheres A.The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students.Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(4):411-421. doi:10.1002/mpr.1440Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Brown KA, Samuel S, Patel DR.Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners.Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(1):36-47. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.08.02Ramkumar P, Acuna DE, Berniker M, Grafton ST, Turner RS, Kording KP.Chunking as the result of an efficiency computation trade-off.Nat Commun. 2016;7:12176. doi:10.1038/ncomms12176Oussedik E, Foy CG, Masicampo EJ, Kammrath LK, Anderson RE, Feldman SR.Accountability: a missing construct in models of adherence behavior and in clinical practice.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:1285–1294. doi:10.2147/PPA.S135895Attia NA, Baig L, Marzouk YI, Khan A.The potential effect of technology and distractions on undergraduate students' concentration.Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(4):860–865. doi:10.12669/pjms.334.12560Vahedi S, Farrokhi F, Gahramani F, Issazadegan A.The relationship between procrastination, learning strategies and statistics anxiety among Iranian college students: a canonical correlation analysis.Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(1):40–46.Rozental A, Forsström D, Lindner P, et al.Treating procrastination using cognitive behavior therapy: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing treatment delivered via the internet or in groups.Behav Ther. 2018;49(2):180-197. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002Beutel ME, Klein EM, Aufenanger S, et al.Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range - A German representative community study.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148054
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Prem R, Scheel TE, Weigelt O, Hoffmann K, Korunka C.Procrastination in daily working life: A diary study on within-person processes that link work characteristics to workplace procrastination.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1087. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01087Ferrari JR, Díaz-Morales JF.Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students.Individual Differences Research.2014;12(1):8–11.Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Svartdal F, Granmo S, Færevaag FS.On the behavioral side of procrastination: Exploring behavioral delay in real-life settings.Front Psychol. 2018;9:746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00746Zhao J, Meng G, Sun Y, et al.The relationship between self-control and procrastination based on the self-regulation theory perspective: the moderated mediation model.Curr Psychol.2021;50:5076–5086. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00442-3Abbasi IS, Alghamdi NG.The prevalence, predictors, causes, treatment, and implications of procrastination behaviors in general, academic, and work setting.IJPS.2015;7(1). doi:10.5539/ijps.v7n1p59Du J, Kerkhof P, van Koningsbruggen GM.Predictors of social media self-control failure: Immediate gratifications, habitual checking, ubiquity, and notifications.Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22(7):477-485. doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0730Nuvvula S.Learned helplessness.Contemp Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):426-427. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.194124Barel E, Shahrabani S, Mahagna L, Massalha R, Colodner R, Tzischinsky O.State anxiety and procrastination: The moderating role of neuroendocrine factors.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(3):204. doi:10.3390/bs13030204Niermann HC, Scheres A.The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students.Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(4):411-421. doi:10.1002/mpr.1440Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Brown KA, Samuel S, Patel DR.Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners.Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(1):36-47. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.08.02Ramkumar P, Acuna DE, Berniker M, Grafton ST, Turner RS, Kording KP.Chunking as the result of an efficiency computation trade-off.Nat Commun. 2016;7:12176. doi:10.1038/ncomms12176Oussedik E, Foy CG, Masicampo EJ, Kammrath LK, Anderson RE, Feldman SR.Accountability: a missing construct in models of adherence behavior and in clinical practice.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:1285–1294. doi:10.2147/PPA.S135895Attia NA, Baig L, Marzouk YI, Khan A.The potential effect of technology and distractions on undergraduate students' concentration.Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(4):860–865. doi:10.12669/pjms.334.12560Vahedi S, Farrokhi F, Gahramani F, Issazadegan A.The relationship between procrastination, learning strategies and statistics anxiety among Iranian college students: a canonical correlation analysis.Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(1):40–46.Rozental A, Forsström D, Lindner P, et al.Treating procrastination using cognitive behavior therapy: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing treatment delivered via the internet or in groups.Behav Ther. 2018;49(2):180-197. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002Beutel ME, Klein EM, Aufenanger S, et al.Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range - A German representative community study.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148054
Prem R, Scheel TE, Weigelt O, Hoffmann K, Korunka C.Procrastination in daily working life: A diary study on within-person processes that link work characteristics to workplace procrastination.Front Psychol. 2018;9:1087. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01087
Ferrari JR, Díaz-Morales JF.Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students.Individual Differences Research.2014;12(1):8–11.
Johansson F, Rozental A, Edlund K, et al.Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden.JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2249346. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346
Svartdal F, Granmo S, Færevaag FS.On the behavioral side of procrastination: Exploring behavioral delay in real-life settings.Front Psychol. 2018;9:746. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00746
Zhao J, Meng G, Sun Y, et al.The relationship between self-control and procrastination based on the self-regulation theory perspective: the moderated mediation model.Curr Psychol.2021;50:5076–5086. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00442-3
Abbasi IS, Alghamdi NG.The prevalence, predictors, causes, treatment, and implications of procrastination behaviors in general, academic, and work setting.IJPS.2015;7(1). doi:10.5539/ijps.v7n1p59
Du J, Kerkhof P, van Koningsbruggen GM.Predictors of social media self-control failure: Immediate gratifications, habitual checking, ubiquity, and notifications.Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22(7):477-485. doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0730
Nuvvula S.Learned helplessness.Contemp Clin Dent. 2016;7(4):426-427. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.194124
Barel E, Shahrabani S, Mahagna L, Massalha R, Colodner R, Tzischinsky O.State anxiety and procrastination: The moderating role of neuroendocrine factors.Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(3):204. doi:10.3390/bs13030204
Niermann HC, Scheres A.The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students.Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(4):411-421. doi:10.1002/mpr.1440
Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192
Brown KA, Samuel S, Patel DR.Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners.Transl Pediatr. 2018;7(1):36-47. doi:10.21037/tp.2017.08.02
Ramkumar P, Acuna DE, Berniker M, Grafton ST, Turner RS, Kording KP.Chunking as the result of an efficiency computation trade-off.Nat Commun. 2016;7:12176. doi:10.1038/ncomms12176
Oussedik E, Foy CG, Masicampo EJ, Kammrath LK, Anderson RE, Feldman SR.Accountability: a missing construct in models of adherence behavior and in clinical practice.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017;11:1285–1294. doi:10.2147/PPA.S135895
Attia NA, Baig L, Marzouk YI, Khan A.The potential effect of technology and distractions on undergraduate students' concentration.Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(4):860–865. doi:10.12669/pjms.334.12560
Vahedi S, Farrokhi F, Gahramani F, Issazadegan A.The relationship between procrastination, learning strategies and statistics anxiety among Iranian college students: a canonical correlation analysis.Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(1):40–46.
Rozental A, Forsström D, Lindner P, et al.Treating procrastination using cognitive behavior therapy: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing treatment delivered via the internet or in groups.Behav Ther. 2018;49(2):180-197. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002
Beutel ME, Klein EM, Aufenanger S, et al.Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range - A German representative community study.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148054
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