On This Page:ToggleLinguistic Intelligence (word smart)Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (number/reasoning smart)Spatial Intelligence (picture smart)Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (body smart)Musical Intelligence (music smart)Interpersonal Intelligence (people smart)Intrapersonal Intelligence (self-smart)Naturalist intelligence (nature smart)Critical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Howard Gardner first proposed the theory of multiple intelligences in his 1983 book “Frames of Mind”, where he broadens the definition of intelligence and outlines several distinct types of intellectual competencies. Gardner developed a series of eight inclusion criteria while evaluating each “candidate” intelligence that was based on a variety of scientific disciplines....

On This Page:ToggleExperiential Learning CycleLearning StylesEducational Implications On This Page:Toggle On This Page: David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984, from which he developed his learning style inventory. Kolb’s experiential learning theory works on two levels: a four-stage learning cycle and four separate learning styles. Much of Kolb’s theory concerns the learner’s internal cognitive processes. The Experiential Learning Cycle learning cycle kolb The terms “Reflective Cycle” and “Experiential Learning Cycle” are often used interchangeably when referring to this four-stage learning process....

On This Page:ToggleExamplesCritical EvaluationFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Latent learning is a type of learning which is not apparent in the learner’s behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. This shows that learning can occur without any reinforcement of a behavior. Edward Tolman is widely credited with discovering and disseminating the concept of latent learning through his experiments in the 1930s....

On This Page:ToggleHistorical BackgroundTeaching MethodTheoryClassrooms By AgeModern Day ExamplesEmpirical ResearchPros and ConsFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways The Montessori method of education, named after its founder Maria Montessori, is an approach to classroom learning that emphasizes independence and choice. This theory of teaching understands that children have an innate interest to learn and will be able to do so in a suitable environment. It strives to create a classroom that is filled with order, cleanliness, beauty, and harmony....

On This Page:ToggleFamous ExamplesCharacteristicsImportanceJob OpportunitiesHow They LearnHow To Improve On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Musical intelligence, also called musical-rhythmic intelligence, is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. It involves sensitivity to sounds and vibrations. People with high musical intelligence understand and express themselves through music. They can produce and appreciate music, identify distinct musical notes, and may think in rhythms or melodies. Gardner asserted that intelligence is not a single intellectual capacity of a person but rather a combination of nine distinct kinds of bits of intelligence....

On This Page:ToggleBackgroundStagesBobo Doll ExperimentExamplesOutcomesClassical Conditioning On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key TakeawaysObservational learning involves acquiring skills or new or changed behaviors through watching the behavior of others.The person or actor performing the action that the observational learner replicates is called a model.The educational psychologistAlbert Bandurawas the first to recognize observational learning through his Bobo Doll experiment.Observational learning consists of attentive, retentive, reproductive, and motivational processes.Observational learning pervades how children, as well as adults, learn to interact with and behave in the world....

On This Page:ToggleHow It WorksExamplesSchedules of ReinforcementCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: By the 1920s, John B. Watson had left academic psychology, and otherbehavioristswere becoming influential, proposing new forms of learning other thanclassical conditioning. Perhaps the most important of these was Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Although, for obvious reasons, he is more commonly known as B.F. Skinner. Skinner’s views were slightly less extreme than Watson’s (1913). Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events....

On This Page:TogglePavlovian ConditioningPavlov’s Dog ExperimentImpact of Pavlov’s ResearchCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: pavlov2 e1698175375621 Like many great scientific advances, Pavlovian conditioning (aka classical conditioning) was discovered accidentally. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) was a physiologist, not a psychologist. During the 1890s, Pavlov researched salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He inserted a small test tube into the cheek of each dog to measure saliva when the dogs were fed (with a powder made from meat)....

On This Page:ToggleHow Does It Work?ExamplesPositive vs. Negative ReinforcementIn the classroomEffectiveness On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Positive reinforcement is the process of rewarding desired behaviors with something pleasant or desirable in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. How Does It Work? Positive reinforcement is a basic principle of Skinner’soperant conditioning, which refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior, such as a reward....

On This Page:ToggleContinuous ReinforcementPartial (Intermittent) Reinforcement SchedulesFixed Interval ScheduleVariable Interval ScheduleFixed Ratio ScheduleVariable Ratio ScheduleResponse Rates of Different Reinforcement SchedulesExtinction of Responses Reinforced at Different SchedulesImplications for Behavioral Psychology On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways A reinforcement schedule is a rule stating which instances of behavior, if any, will be reinforced.Reinforcement schedules can be divided into two broad categories: continuous schedules and partial schedules (also called intermittent schedules).In a continuous schedule, every instance of a desired behavior is reinforced, whereas partial schedules only reinforce the desired behavior occasionally....

On This Page:ToggleCharacteristicsExamplesTypesHow Schemas ChangeHow Schemas Affect LearningCritical EvaluationApplications On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key TakeawaysA schema is a knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and understand the world around them. Schemata is a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.Piaget’s theory of cognitive developmentput the concept at the forefront of cognitive science. Contemporary conceptions of schema evolved in the 1970s and 1980s.The widespread use of computers in the last decades of the 20th century also affected theories of how people store and use information in the brain....

On This Page:ToggleHow Does It Work?The Skinner Box in ResearchCommercial ApplicationsSkinner Box MythsEffectiveness On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button. When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behavior (such as food) or a punishment (such as noise), or a token conditioner (such as a light) that is correlated with either the positive reinforcement or punishment....

On This Page:ToggleHow Desensitization WorksExamplesCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Systematic desensitization is a type ofexposure therapybased on the principle ofclassical conditioning. Wolpe developed it during the 1950s to treat phobias and anxiety disorders. It involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared object or situation in a controlled and relaxed environment. The process combines relaxation techniques with a hierarchical exposure to the anxiety-causing stimulus, allowing the individual to confront and reduce their fear without an anxiety response gradually....

An angry boyfriend is a turn off for a woman because it indicates poor emotional regulation, a lack of respect, and potential for verbal or physical abuse. His anger also creates an uncomfortable, tense environment for her and suggests issues with communication, trust, and intimacy in the relationship. Here are a few of the biggest turn-offs for women: 1. Poor Communication Most of the women I spoke to said poor communication is a big turn-off....

On This Page:ToggleOriginsExamplesSupporting ResearchCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key TakeawaysThe Premack principle, also called the relativity theory of reinforcement and the differential-probability hypothesis, states that a more desirable activity (e.g., such as eating chocolate) can be used to reinforce a less desirable one (such as writing an essay).David Premack established his theory through experiments on rats, children, and later chimpanzees.Although the Premack principle has been criticized for a number of reasons, its derivative, response deprivation theory, still holds great influence in the psychology of learning....