These words and phrases reflect a culture’s ideas about gender and are often based on stereotypes.Examples of typically ‘masculine-coded’ words that might be used include terms such as competitive, dominate, driven, and challenge. Examples of typically ‘feminine-coded’ words include loyal, collaborative, understanding, and encouraging. These words and phrases reflect a culture’s ideas about gender and are often based on stereotypes. Examples of typically ‘masculine-coded’ words that might be used include terms such as competitive, dominate, driven, and challenge....

On This Page:ToggleExamplesAgentsTheoriesImpactFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: What is Gender Socialization? Examples of Gender Socialization An example of gender socialization is how toys are gendered, being marketed towards boys and girls.In many toy stores, there are often segregated ‘boy toys’ and ‘girl toys.’ The types of toys and activities are thought to reinforce what genders should do. For instance, the toys advertised to boys reinforce that to be male involves being adventurous, strong, and logic driven....

On This Page:ToggleResearchImplicationsPrevention On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The Golem Effect is a psychological phenomenon where low expectations placed on individuals lead to poorer performance. It’s a self-fulfilling prophecy where negative beliefs about someone’s potential hinder their actual achievement. Key Takeaways A golem made of stone or clay. What the Research Says The teachers who were high-bias, negatively treated the students they saw as possessing low potential while treating the others more favorably....

Emotion regulation involves effectively managing emotions to enable goal-directed behaviors. Many people with ADHDhave deficits in regulating their emotions– difficulties identifying, modulating, and coping with strong emotions. These regulation problems independently worsen life impairment in those with ADHD such as negatively impacting relationships, work, organization, finances, and driving. Thus targeting emotion dysregulation directly throughpsychological treatmentcould improve daily functioning. Key Points Rationale ADHD persisting into adulthood is associated with negative outcomes in various life domains (Kooijet al....

On This Page:ToggleHawthorne StudiesIllumination ExperimentElton Mayo’s ExperimentBank Wiring Observation Room StudyExamplesAlternative ExplanationsCriticismHow To ReduceFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Key Takeaways Yellow paper man near magnifying glass on dark background with beam of light The Hawthorne effect refers to a tendency in some individuals to alter their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed (Fox et al., 2007). This phenomenon implies that when people become aware that they are subjects in an experiment, the attention they receive from the experimenters may cause them to change their conduct....

On This Page:ToggleExamplesCritical EvaluationFormal Curriculum On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Philip W. Jackson coined the term ‘hidden curriculum’ in 1968 in his bookLife in Classrooms, discussing the students’ need to master their schools’ expectations. He contended that education is a process ofsecondary socialization. Two young students smiling and using an interactive whiteboard. Hidden Curriculum Examples A school that has a strict dress code may be sending the message that appearance and conformity are more important than individuality and self-expression....

On This Page:ToggleIntroductionHirschi Bonds of AttachmentExamplesCritical Evaluation On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Hirschi’s social control theory proposes that people are inherently inclined to deviance, and that bonds to society deter criminal activity. It argues that those with strong social bonds of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are more likely to conform to societal norms and less likely to engage in criminal behavior than those with weaker social bonds. Key Takeaways Introduction Social control theory assumes that people are motivated to and capable of committing crimes without special training....

On This Page:ToggleTheoryExamplesCriticism On This Page:Toggle On This Page: The hypodermic needle theory is an approach to studying the effects of the media on behavior. It believed that the media ‘injected’ its content into the audience’s lives directly, subsequently influencing their behavior. The theory views the audience as passive, homogeneous, and impressionable. Key Takeaways diagram of a hypodermic needle pointing towards a stick figure. labels coming off the needle saying ‘developed in the 1920s and 1930s’, ‘linear communication theory’, ‘passive audience’ and ‘no individual difference’...

The interpretivist paradigm is a research approach in sociology that focuses on understanding the subjective meanings and experiences of individuals within their social context. Key TakeawaysInterpretivism is an approach to social science that asserts that understanding the beliefs, motivations, and reasoning of individuals in a social situation is essential to decoding the meaning of the data that can be collected around a phenomenon.There are numerous interpretivist approaches to sociology, three of the most influential of which are hermeneutics, phenomenology and ethnomethodology, and symbolic interactionism....

Karl Marxdiscussed some of his ideas about religion in his writings. He understood that religion served a purpose in society but disagreed with the basis of that function. Marx had difficulty believing in unseen truths such as those that religions offer. Since he was young, he refused religion and expressed himself as an atheist (Latief, 2011). A black and white portrait of Karl Marx Marx’s Key Ideas on Religion In his 1844 essay ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,’ Marx stated that ‘religion is the opium of the people....

On This Page:ToggleTheoryStrengthsCriticismsFAQs On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Karl Marx was a German philosopher interested in exploring the relationship between the economy and the people working within the economic system. Marx’s theory was strongly based on the struggles of the working class during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. He explained how there are power relationships between the capitalists and the workers, which are exploitative and would eventually cause class conflict....

On This Page:ToggleThe Process of Label Formation (Speculation, Elaboration, Stabilization)Pupil AdaptationsPupil SubculturesSetting and StreamingCriticism of Labeling Theory On This Page:Toggle On This Page: IntroductionIt is argued that teachers often classify (type) and label working class students as non-academic. However, these labels are often based not on objective measures of ability, but on how well the student matched up to their stereotype of an “academic student”. Consequently, labeling is more to do with the teacher’s prejudices than the student’s actual abilityHoward Becker outlines how teachers tend to evaluate and label students in terms of their image of an “ideal pupil”....

Woodwork processing stages, people cutting trees and produce timber, wood production industry, men working on factory, carpenter cartoon character. Woodwork lumber manufacturing Key Takeaways Understanding the Labor Theory For example, if hunting a deer takes 10 hours and catching a beaver 5 hours, then, 1 deer for 2 beavers would be the exchange ratio. Conversely, if both consumed 10 hours each, then the exchange ratio would be 1:1. In developing their theories, Adam Smith and David Ricardo envisioned a hypothetical state of humanity (which is foreign to any conception of capital) that comprises elementary commodity production....

On This Page:ToggleHistory and OverviewComponentsPrinciplesAdoptionCritiqueExamples On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Latour’s actor-network theory states that human and non-human actors form shifting networks of relationships that define situations and determine outcomes. Take Takeaways History and Overview Actor-network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is an influential but controversial approach to understanding humans and their interactions with inanimate objects (Cresswell, Worth, & Sheik, 2010). This theory is intended to counter the competing theories of social and technological determinism, which assume that all phenomena can be described exclusively in terms of social or technological factors....

On This Page:ToggleWhat Is Liberal Feminism?PrinciplesGoalsExamplesHistoryStrengths & Criticisms On This Page:Toggle On This Page: Liberal feminism asserts that equality for women can be achieved through legal means and social reform within current social systems, rather than an overhaul of the systems themselves. It focuses on individual rights, legal equality, and ending sex-based discrimination. Key TakeawaysLiberal feminism believes that equality should be brought about through education and policy changes. They try to change the system from within....